Town Hero free essay sample

When the pager beeps and the fire whistle blows, my heart lurches as I jump into my bunker pants and whip on my turnout coat. My mind races and the adrenaline pumps through my veins. Will I be responding to a structure fire, motor vehicle accident, or an automatic alarm? I love the feeling of the oversized coat swallowing me as the lights flash and the sirens blare down the street. My dad was in the Deep River Fire Department when I was little. He was captain of the 5-5-3 fire engine and brought me to the fire house all the time. I was fascinated by the trucks and equipment. I watched the Memorial Day parades, my dad driving his truck down the street. He told me I could become a junior in the department when I turned 14. Although I was shy and quiet, I grew more comfortable and confident. We will write a custom essay sample on Town Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wanted to learn to dress the hydrant, screw the caps, add on the attachments and hose, and open the hydrant. I liked the force and entry drill using a halogen bar and an axe to pop a door open. My favorite training is search and rescue including going on air will the Scott tanks, and blinding ourselves. The men think it is wonderful for a girl to be in the fire department, I set a great example. I like to say, â€Å"What boys can do, girls can do better.† The summer I was 15, I attended the Connecticut Fire Academy for a week for. That week changed me. I became outgoing and social because I was in a place with people who had the same interest as I did. I also got the opportunity to operate the ladder truck. Two years later, I was specially selected to be part of the first ever Advanced Cadet Program at the academy. In my town’s department, I have made a huge impact. I am the first junior female president in the Deep River Fire Department. I received the Junior Fire Fighter of the Year in 2009 and received Junior Top Responder in 2010. Fire fighting is my family history and it runs in my blood. Being part of the fire department has made me a leader. I can take control. The juniors in the Deep River Fire Department have raised $1,300 of fundraising under my command. I can teach people with a power I never knew I had. I do not expect myself to choose the profession of a career fire fighter. My other talents should be used, but I will always have the time to give up my time to volunteer. I will always be a volunteer fire fighter no matter where I go or what I do. I am a town hero. My hope is to recruit other junior members because soon enough I will become a senior in the department. The juniors are the next generation. I love the firehouse because it is full of people I can call a family. Firefighting is about brotherhood and sisterhood.

Postmodernism in photography Essay Example

Postmodernism in photography Essay Example Postmodernism in photography Paper Postmodernism in photography Paper Postmodernism in photography and the notion of post-photography seen through a retrospective analysis of color implication in Evergons work. This research is inspired by an inject print Vegator Beach, Goa, India 2001, by Evergon and baised on Photography After Art Photography, an essay by Abigail Solomon-Godeau and a book by W. J. Mitchell Reconfigured Eye: The Visual Truth in The Post-Photographic Era Post Modernism : What does it mean? Rather than a style post modernism presented photographers with strategic options. To use it more self-consciously, exploring depictions of the body, for example, through contemporary social, economic, and political discourse. As a consequence, postmodernist photographers break into taboo subjects, representing for instance sexuality, (of children, of adolescents, gay men, .. ) A second postmodernist strategy is to exploit and embrace earlier styles in art, even styles condemned as artificial, and use them to make photography. (Pultz, John, Photography and the Body, The Orion PublishingGroup,London,1995(chapter6pp. 144-169). Postmodernism is a complicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as an area of academic study since the mid-80s. The problem with postmodernism is that it is hard to define because it is striving to be new all the time. How does it do this? It denies the any existence of the past but it re-uses it by deconstructing it into forms and pieces, which are unrecognizable. It is not only subject matter which is new it is also form. In order to achieve new forms it uses past by referring to previous styles, genres and forms that creates something original. Once it has been created it is no longer post-modern because it has become real, solid, it is no longer about the future it is about the past. Consequently, postmodernism is hard to define, because it is a concept that appears in a wide variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, photography, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and technology. Its hard to locate it temporally or historically, because its not clear exactly when postmodernism begins, but according A. Solomon-Godeau, talking about postmodernism in photography, we may take as a point of departure a Mirrors and Windows photo exhibit, organized by john Szarcovski in 1977, where within modern photography the idea of postmodernism came to the fore of the days of the issues of respective uses of photography, raised by Andy Warhool, Robert Ruchenberg and Ed Rusha. Those (postmodern) ideas actually encompassed photography and encouraged the mixing of other media with photography, allowing photographers to experiment with the medium and its possibilities, crossing borders and breaking down taboos in relation of art making. Those process of quotation, excerption, framing, and staging ( ) necessitate uncovering strata of representation stated A. Solomon-Godeau, in Photography After Art Photography essay, and as we can see it in Evergons early collages, Xerox color prints, Interlocking Polaroids, and large-format Polaroids.

The negative effects of illegal drug use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The negative effects of illegal drug use - Essay Example Almost one-quarter of these teenagers reported that they had participated in unprotected sex as a result of drug or alcohol use. It is important to note that alcohol is a powerful drug and illegal to minors putting it into the illegal drug category with respect to teenage use. Teens 14 and under who drink or use drugs are more likely to be having sex at double the rate of those in this age group that do not. High school teenagers that use alcohol are seven times more likely to have sex than their non-drinking peers. Older teens that drink are seven times as likely to have intercourse as non-drinking teens and those that use other drugs five times as likely. Drug and alcohol using teenagers are three and five times, respectively, more likely to have multiple sexual partners (Hartge, 1999). Teenagers experience more emotional fluctuations than do younger children or an adult which explains why the suicide rate is higher in that group. Teenagers that use drugs and alcohol are more likely to attempt suicide. According to a study of teenagers that attempted suicide, alcohol and drug abuse was the most frequently shared characteristic. Of the teenagers that took their own life, 70 per cent were frequent users of drugs and/or alcohol. However, current research does not demonstrate that drug and alcohol use actually instigates suicide, just that these behaviors are connected.   Teenagers that experience emotional problems to a higher degree than others have a greater propensity to consider suicide and to use drugs. (Shaffer et al, 1996). Illegal substances most frequently linked with drug-related fatalities include opiates such as heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and barbiturates. Alcohol, particularly when used in combination with harder drugs, is also linked with drug-related deaths. Cannabis and hallucinogens (i.e.

Theater Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theater - Article Example Alas!  There emerges an energetic, fresh and composed man dressed up in black overall, pair of trousers, and socks. His black Spanish cape sits firm and symbolic on his head. His hands clutched around his crotch as he walks majestically to center stage, staring at the ground a little worried. Behind him follows a nonchalant woman dressed up in a grey dress. The man takes a turn and stands on some pulpit looking at the sky in awe. The woman scales up the single staircase and sits comfortably on the traditional chair. Another man in white, gray official and tie emerges at the entrance, gently scrubs as he gazes at the entrance board. He then walks to center stage, stands there shortly. He turns to a second woman behind him. They approach each other with intense passion, almost kissing†¦, but then the woman withdraws and runs to the back of the stage as a group of elegantly dressed female dancers storm the stage. They go round the man and take positions on stage, start dancing ma rvelously after signal from the lady queen who sits on the staircase as the woman on the traditional chair comes up. The dance surges in intricate patterns. One dancer woes the official man to join the dance but he is adamant. Finally, the female dancers win him over. They sit down and watch as the man starts to dance alone impressively on

MEDICINE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

MEDICINE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example This paper discusses medicine management of Salbutamol. It starts by examining the legal and ethical frameworks in medicine management and administration in the UK and how they impact medicine management practices; it then discusses safe ordering, receiving, storage, administration and disposal of Salbutamol nebules. The paper then discusses drug management and administration in Patient Group Directions (PGD), this is done by explaining the meaning of PGD and the legal framework that establishes it before exploring the possibility of Salbutamol nebules being included as one of the PGD medications. Finally the paper examines self medication and points out some of its advantages to the whole process medicine management and administration. The legislative framework for medicines management and administration in the UK includes a number of legislations relating to the prescription, supply, storage, and administration of drugs (NHS, 2011). All practitioners including nurses and pharmacists have to comply with these pieces of legislation for the safety of patients as well as for general ethical conduct in the practice of medicine (Grifith, 2009). The control of medicines in the UK is carried out mainly through the Medicines Act (1968) and other related legislation in the country and in Europe. According to NMC (2008) administration of medicines is a significantly important aspect of the professional contract of nurses. The Nursing and Midwifery Council takes recognition of the fact that medicines management is a flexible practice as opposed to being performed in strict compliance with the instructions of the medical practitioners prescribing the drugs. The body recognizes the importance of drug administration being pract iced through professional judgement and though on the part of practitioners (NMC, 2009). Medicines management and administration is one of the areas that are affected by frequent errors and it is well recognized

Differences Between Terrorism And Organized Crime Criminology Essay

Differences Between Terrorism And Organized Crime Criminology Essay In this assignment, we will be analysing both security issues of terrorism and organized crime as national and international security threats. Terrorism and organised crime, both two different forms of criminal activity and an equal threat to human security. It is important that establish the precise definition of both these activities, so we can categorically differentiate each act committed. The definition of organized crime is widely debated term. Organized crime is generally focused mainly on economic profit, acquiring material benefits and obtaining as much of an illegal market share as possible, by the use of serious crimes such as Drug trafficking, fraud, violence etc. (Baylis J and Smith S (2001) p480-481) Whilst terrorism motivated chiefly by ideological aims and by a desire for political change, by the use of violence, in the form of hijacking, bombing and other indistrimintory acts. We can already see the difference, by looking at the definition. However as we do develop details of the differences between these criminal activities, it is also important to analyse the similarities. (Collins, A (2007) p352-353) Both Organized crime and Terrorism differ in motivation and objective. In Shelley, L and Picarelli, JT (2002), states Yet, while the crimes committed by these two groups dont differ in substance, they differ in motive. Terrorists are in essentially political groups; even if they are inspired by religious fundamentalism, their behaviour is designed to bring about political change. While organized crime groups conduct profit-driven criminal activities, through the use illicit and illegal means. Another interesting point, in which they both differ, mentioned by Schmid, A (2005) is Terrorist groups usually seek media attention; organized crime groups do not, Criminal organisation, do not directly attack infastrurer or indiscriminately attack normal citizens, like terrorism does, however there doings bring harm to those involved and create fear amongst people surrounded by there illegal activities. Therefore the magnitude of attack will be confined to small, domestic and under the radar attacks, whilst with terrorism when it blows ups, it is instant and devastating in its impact. Williams, P(2005) I believe that a criminal is not concerned with influencing or affecting public opinion; he simply wants to earn money in the quickest, easiest and most efficient way possible. Whilst, the essential aim of the terrorists violence is eventually to change the political system , about which the organised criminals, couldnt care less. However in some cases this is not true, Shelley, L and Picarelli, JT(2002) go on to discuss about organised criminals that direct contact with the political system and politicians who they seek to influence for their own goals. Phil Williams and Ernesto Savona (1995) gives us a excellent example that Colombian drug cartels and the Italian Mafia were both using terrorist attacks against the state and its representatives for four different reasons, disrupt investigations; to deter the introduction or continuation of vigorous government policies; to eliminate effective law enforcement officials, to coerce judges into more lenient sentencing policies. I believe fundamental is to create an environment more appealing to criminal activity. But this only can occur in weak countries, where the government is weak, which we will discuss later in the essay. Bjà ¶rnehed, E(2004) concludes that based on their objectives they Constitute quite different types of security threats with regard to magnitude of attack, choice of target and weapons. In summary they both have a common enemy, and that is the state in general and in particular its law enforcement agencies. Both types of criminals function in secrecy, in the underworld, and they use the same or similar infrastructures for their activities and the same networks of corruption. Both use the same type of tactics: they engage in cross-border smuggling, money laundering, counterfeiting, kidnapping, extortion and various kinds of violence. Narco-Terrorism, was the first identification of the link between Terrorism and organized crime. This discovery began in the 1980s when it was found that drug trafficking was also used to advance the political objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations, the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of government by the systematic threat or use of violence Bjà ¶rnehed, E(2004) Since then, much stronger and broader statements have been made, especially in Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) wherein the Council Notes with concern the close connection between international terrorism and transnational organized crime, illicit drugs, money-laundering, illegal arms-trafficking, and illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially deadly materials.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Bjà ¶rnehed, E(2004) Emma Bjornehead has written a whole chapter on this topic because it is a relatively new phenomena and I believe it is relevant to this composition because it shows that Terrorism and Criminal activity have found a common ground. Various authors keep referring to more or less the same examples, where this new phenomena is occurring. For example Hezbollah engaged in criminal schemes, such as cigarette smuggling, counterfeiting. Al-Qaeda cells in Europe conducting credit card fraud. We see it domestically happening in countries such as Colombia and Afghanistan where opium produces are funding Taliban, to carry out there war against US forces. Williams, P(2005) describes terrorist, using criminal organisation methods to raise funds for their activities as very dangerous. This reliance between each other makes it difficult and a bigger domestic and international security threat because they can share their tangible and intangible resources, to achieve their objectives. Giraldo, J and Trinkunas (2005) puts simple. They try to uncover whether it is a strategic alliance formed by these group, or is it simple marriages of convenience. For example, the language school that provided some visas for the 9/11 hijackers are also reported to have provided visas for prostitutes of a human trafficking ring. This indicates sharing networks, each could complement each other therefore making it easier to carry out objectives. An intelligence analyst even describes it as criminal service providers. This means that both in criminal organisations, due to their established networks, act as service provider for terrorists, so they can carry out their terror activities. Another good point made is that this increased self-reliance of terrorist networks makes criminal organisations difficult to detect, especially as they are both bound by secrecy. The Madrid bombing are a great example, Future-occurred in Spain where members of a small but well-established Moroccan drug trafficking organization led by Jamal Ahmidan, became radicalized and were subsequently integrated into the cell that carried out the Madrid bombings. The contribution of the radicalized drug traffickers is difficult to overestimate: they provided the finance, the logistics, the safe houses, and the connections that enabled the cell to acquire the explosives. Indeed, without their resources and expertise, it is unlikely that the attacks on the trains would have taken place, and certainly not on such a destructive scale. Williams, p(2009) This example so shows that both organisations are sharing its man power and those criminals are venerable to being radicalized, like shown above. It can also be seen as method of attracting people with two personality types: one with strong political views, coupled with a desire to become wealthy. In summary that they cross paths; give in to one another which make them reliant on each other. Organized crime can use the power tool of political crime to create the social and economic context that makes its profitable activities viable. Terrorists, on the other hand, need funding to push their own agendas. . Due to the coordination between the two, an integrated counter-terrorism and organised crime should be implemented, to dissolve the creation of a strengthen connection. Law enforcement agencies have to approach this in a different angle because the traditional separate policing of organised crime and terrorism, do not apply. After 9/11, steps have been taken to increased cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence agencies that police domestic and international matters. I can see the huge benefits that increasing the cooperation can bring. The sharing of information on both sources of threats enables governments to penetrate these secret groups and prevent crimes from being perpetrated. Also breaking down one criminal organisation, can lead to discovering other terrorist organisations at the same time, therefore increasing their leads. However according to Bjornehead, E(2010) states that at times war on organised crime, in particular drugs, can sometimes undermine the war on terror. She one of many examples, that of Taliban and how a reduction is poppy field in Europe, increased the price of opium, which Taliban made huge gains, which is helped fund their terror organisations. Questions need to be raised on which one is a bigger domestic threat, politicians may believe terrorism is a threat as they want direct change in governance and how that government acts, for example USA I believe has a stronger stance and policy on terrorism, rather than organised crimes. Whilst organised crimes havent got a direct objective against the political system, it might be the case that for individuals in society that due to its hidden, secretive nature that criminal organizations themselves, pose a threat to society that goes far beyond the harm posed by the profit-driven crimes they commit. Collins, A (2007) We can also see this in a poll in an 11 countries that was conducted showing that what people feared, and the highest was Criminal activities with 27%, whilst terrorism was third with 15%. Human security centre (2005) There a continuous argument in US about what poses a bigger threat US security. Recent Barack Obama states that The single biggest threat to US security, both short-term, medium-term and long-term, would be the possibility of a terrorist organisation obtaining a nuclear weapon. However In a many recently, Antonio Maria Costa, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), recent stated that Drug-related crime biggest threat to public safety in the Americas. This is also backed up by Retiring CIA chief Michael Hayden Mexico could rank alongside Iran as a challenge for Obama perhaps a greater problem than Iraq. UN news centre(2008) I believe this could be due to drug cartels domince in Mexico, and due it the geography and globalization; it has been spilled in the street of US. Williams, P, (2008) Another difference is Terrorism is a bigger point of discussion in the wider world due to the fact that they seek media attention and not shy to hide its terror activities, Whilst Organized crime is very secretive and behind closed doors. Hence why it is people may perceive it to be a bigger threat. After the post cold war era, there was a huge shift from in national security threats, from communism, to terrorism and organised crime. What the fall of communism did, was not only did it leave eastern countries, lawless and poor, it left it venerable to radical ideologies and organised crime, including what we call globalization. I also believe that ideological terrorism has severely since the cold war, and a new breed of ethnic and religious inspired terrorism. Collins, A (2007) p356 I a published paper by Stephens, M (1996) on globalized crime, and describes why organised crime was on the rise after the Cold war era and in summary; Post-Cold War opportunities such as the lowering of economic and political barriers; the end of communist regimes and the founding of fragile new democracies. Stephens, M(1996) A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division,Library of Congress(2003) discusses areas on the world that are venerable to organised crime and terrorism, and states that in reference the In the former Soviet states, progress toward the rule of law has been hindered by the sudden disappearance of national authority (the Soviet state) in areas having no individual tradition of state authority or civil society but having very well developed traditions of underground criminal activity. Federal Research Division(2003) Both types of organizations lean to enlist the majority of their members from the same pool of an insignificant sector of the population, which are subject to social, cultural or political frustration. This is backed up by Rosenau(1990), Galleotti (2001), Cusimano-Love (2003), and Castells (2000) who have compared transnational crime and terrorism as malicious non-state actors that take advantage of failures in the state-centric global system, such as the limitations of sovereignty, legal jurisdictional boundaries and the opportunities that failed or weak states create for safe havens. As much as globalization ha s been beneficial for many nation states, it has also been disastrous in reference to Organised crime and terrorism, which Williams, p(2002) describes as a motivator and facilitator., opening a way for transnational activity. In this era of accelerated global interaction, transnational organized crime and international terrorism are flourishing. In Baylis, J and smith, s(2005), James D kiras writes has a whole chapter dedicated towards to Terrorism and globalisation, he writes the technology and processes linked with globalization have enabled terrorism to grow from regional phenomenon, into a global one. He also means that the use of Globalization has also lead to changes in the means of conducting terrorism and organised crime. For example in Freedman (2002) Prior to 11 September 2001 most acts of terrorism had depended on the conventional explosives. And then compares it to current situation where the ability to mount simultaneous attacks, commitment and choice targets, using aircraft as guided missiles. I believe that globalisation has a part to play in this change because it has opened up the world. The borders have faded or are no longer as well guarded, the market is globalized, financial and commercial mergers and the deregulation of state intervention provide new opportunities, and communication technology is presenting unexpected innovative technological possibilities. I also believe globalization has spread national crime to international organised crime because large-scale migration across the globe has created new emigrant refugee communities that can serve as recruitment bases and as hiding places, especially as they live a poor lifestyle, they have no alternatives, apart from turning to crime. Organised crime actors share the same objective as legal corporations in a sense that In a increasingly global marketplace, illicit actors, like licit counterparts, take advantage of business opportunities wherever they occur. For organised crime, going across borders, increases their wealth and profit just as it does for legal businesses, as they have new customers and can take advantage of infrastructure to cover their illegal activities. An example used in Collins, A (2007) was after the creation of North American free trade area, trade grew in the billions, and however it was this area, thrived in reference to aid smuggling of illegal goods and drugs. There have been political and economic developments have brought terrorism and organized crime together. There are also clear structural similarities that would appear to make alliance beneficial for both of them and I believe that it is case of marriage of convenience, rather than long term strategic alliance. Collins, A (2007p 361) It is becoming a huge aspect of security, that both organised crime and terrorism are flourishing over one another, and in particular terrorist groups are rely on crime to fund their operation, and criminal expertise is become available to terrorist groups. I believe that in this day of age, where the world become evermore globalized, any security threat that is national, ends up spilling over the borders, and becoming a international problem. Schmid, A(2005) Links between Terrorism and Drug Trafficking: A Case of Narco-terrorism? Galleotti, M. (2001) Underworld and Upperworld: Transnational Organized Crime and Global Society, In Josselin, D. and Wallace W. (Eds.). Non-State Actors in World Politics, Palgrave: New York, pp. 203-17. Ciment, JD and Shanty FG(2008) Organized Crime: From Trafficking to Terrorism, Volume 1, ABC-Clio, Califonia Berry, V. et al(2003) Nations hospitable to organized crime and terrorism[online] Available from: http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Nats_Hospitable.pdf [Accessed May 2010]. Shelley, L and Picarelli (2001) Methods Not motives: Implications of the convergence of international organized crime and terrorism [online] Available from: http://www.law.syr.edu/Pdfs/0methods_motives.pdf.[Accessed May 2010] Stephens, Mora(1996) Global organized crime as the threat to national security [online] Available from: http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/snyder/globalcrime.htm. .[Accessed May 2010] Williams, P(2009) Strategy for a New World: Combating Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime. In Balyis, J(eds.) Chapter 9 Bibes, P(2001) Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism.Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 17, Sage Publications Bjà ¶rnehed, Emma(2004) Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror, Global Crime, 6: 3, 305 324, Routledge, London Kiras, JD(2001) Terrorism and Globalization. In Baylis, J and Smith, S(eds.) The Globalization of work politics: An introduction to IR, Chapter 21, Oxford, Oxford university press. Lutz, B and Lutz, J(2007) Terrorism. In Collins, A (eds.) Contemporary security studies, 2nd edtion, chapter 20, Oxford, Oxford University press. Lutz, B and Lutz, J(2007) Transnational crime. In Collins, A (eds.) Contemporary security studies, 2nd edtion, chapter 25, Oxford, Oxford University press.

Yeats’ Leda and the Swan and Van Duyns Leda Essay -- Leda Swan Essays

Yeats’ Leda and the Swan and Van Duyn's Leda  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In Greek mythology, Leda, a Spartan queen, was so beautiful that Zeus, ruler of the gods, decided he must have her. Since immortals usually did not present themselves to humankind in their divine forms, Zeus changed himself into a great swan and in that shape ravished the helpless girl (Carey 58-59). Both William Butler Yeats and Mona Van Duyn base their poems "Leda and the Swan" and "Leda," respectively, on this story of a "mystic marriage." Yeats' focus on the sexual act itself, along with his allusions to Leda's progeny, manifest a grave and terrifying tone. While he raises Leda to a status similar to that of Mary, mother of Jesus, Van Duyn portrays Leda as a universal mother. By making both figures, Leda and Zeus, ordinary, she gives a "surprising twist" (Greiner 337) to the original myth, emphasized by her witty tone. In addition, whereas Yeats suggests that Leda has gained something from her encounter with Zeus, Van Duyn asserts that she has gained nothing, portray ing women in general as primarily objects of men's satisfaction. Yeats begins his poem by concentrating on the mere depiction of the rape scene. Words such as "beating, dark, helpless," and "terrified" provide this violent act of intrusion with negative connotations. The victim, Leda, is helpless against the power of the aggressor, Zeus, and terrified by his actions. Recalling the original Greek myth, Yeats clearly shows Leda's resistance at every step ("staggering girl," "helpless breast," "terrified vague fingers push"). Zeus' relationship with Leda parallels human interaction in general with either Satan or God. In Christianity, the prevailing religion of Yeats' time, pious men attempt to push away ... ...f violence, and underlying religious motif. Overall, Yeats instills fear into the reader, while Van Duyn elicits an occasional laugh; however, both poems are equally effective, one for its religious message and the other for its man bashing.    Works Cited    Barnhart, Clarence L. and Robert K. The World Book Dictionary. Chicago:Doubleday, 1985.    Carey, Gary. Cliffs Notes on Mythology. Lincoln: C.K. Hillegass, 1973. Greiner, Donald J. "American Poets since World War II." Dictionary of LiteraryBiographies. Detroit:Doubleday, 1980.    Heaney, Seamus. The Redress of Poetry . New York: Noonday, 1995.    Magill, Frank N. Critical Survey of Poetry. Engelwood Cliffs: Salem Press, 1982. Vol. 7 "Torah: The Five Books of Moses." Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1985.      

Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil by Claude Monet

Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil The following is an analysis and an interpretation of Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. This oil on canvas painting can be found in the High Museum of Art. Claude Monet, the artist of this piece painted this in 1873, right as the Impressionism Movement was beginning. Monet played the important role of one of the founders of the Impressionism Movement with his works like Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil is from a series of paintings that Monet did while in Argenteuil. In the artwork Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, the lighting used throughout the painting, brushstroke techniques, perspective, and color all play an important role in the piece, as well as in the Impressionism Movement. Impressionist artists attempted to capture candid shots of their subjects outdoors showing the effects of sunlight on different objects at different times of day. Claude Monet was no exception to this statement. Like in Claude Monet’s Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun) (Garnier, 824), sunlight is an important part in scene created in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, though is not the real subject of the piece like it is in Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun). In Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, Claude Monet used darker hues of the colors to capture the light and the absence of light throughout the painting. The sun itself cannot be seen, but the intensity of the colors orange, yellow, white, green, and red throughout the tree suggest that there is some sunlight present. The sky is spotted with clouds almost to the point where you can’t see the sky, but there is some blue still seen through the clouds. Monet was obviously wanting to capture the essence of the Autumn season, and did so with the right use of lighting that would not have been possible without the brushstrokes Monet used. The brushstrokes that are used throughout a painting can help classify what movement the painting may have came out of. Impressionist painters created a distinctive short, choppy brushstroke to create better lighting. In painting Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, Monet uses this technique all over the canvas. At close inspection, the colors red, white, yellow and blue placed side by side looked unintelligible as they are placed throughout the trees on the left side of the painting. At a distance, however, the colors begin to mix into different variations of orange, green, yellow, white, blue, and red, making the palette more interesting. This technique is used on the entire painting. The water’s reflection of the trees uses the same technique. Like in Claude Monet’s first major Impressionism painting, Impression: Sunrise (Garnier, 823), the painting Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil also uses the brushy strokes. Both use a body of water’s reflection in the piece, making the water itself more interesting, and giving Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil perspective. The technique most artists use to project an illusion of the three-dimensional world onto a two-dimensional surface is called perspective. Objects are painted smaller the farther away from the audience is supposed to be, and are painted bigger the closer the audience is supposed to be. A vanishing point is helpful in creating perspective. This technique helps to make up a sense of depth in a piece of art. In Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, perspective is created by the body of water that is in the foreground of painting. This body of water is going off into the distance in which you cannot see it’s end. In the background, there are buildings that are barely visible, making them appear to be farther away. This technique draws the audience’s eye to the center of the piece, perhaps at the building that is set of into the distance. Color has value, hues, and intensities that differ from piece to piece. Color can also be broken down into color schemes. Color is always a very important part to any work of art. Impressionism painters usually only used the primary colors blue, red, and yellow in their works, like Monet did in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. They did this so they could place the primary colors side by side to create secondary colors like the greens and oranges seen in the trees in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. This technique was used because Impressionists believed that color is not a permanent characteristic and changes due to weather, lighting, or reflection, which is true in this painting as the leave are all changing colors. The color of the water in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil effects the colors of the reflections of the trees, boats, and buildings very little. Impressionism paintings have an overall luminosity because the painters avoided blacks and earth colors. Shadows in the painting are composed of many complimentary colors, like on the sides of the boats on the left side of the water in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil by Claude Monet was interesting and very tranquil to analysis and an interpret. This oil on canvas painting can be found in the High Museum of Art, but was originally painted in 1873 in France, right as the Impressionism Movement was beginning. Monet played the important role of one of the founders of the Impressionism Movement with his works like Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. In the artwork Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, the lighting used throughout the painting, brushstroke techniques, perspective, and color all play an important role in the piece, as well as in the Impressionism Movement. Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil is an amazing work of art that will not soon be forgotten by its many adoring fans.

Paul gillmor essays

Paul gillmor essays Paul Gillmor was born on February 1, 1939 in Tiffin, Ohio. He graduated from Old Fort High School in 1957, in 1961 he received a Bachelors Degree from Ohio Wesleyan University, and then in 1964 he received a Law Degree from the University of Michigan, he also has honorary degrees from Defiance College, Ohio University, Tiffin University, and Rio Grande College. Paul is married to former State Senator Karen L. Gillmor; she serves as a Vice Chairman of the State Employment Relations Board. They have five children: two daughters, Linda and Julie, and three boys, Paul Michael, and Connor and Adam (twins). Paul is currently serving his 8th term in the House of Representatives, and he is also beginning his 5th term as a member of the Republican Whip team. Before being elected to Congress, Paul was in the Ohio Senate for twenty-two year; he served as the Republican Leader five times. He was selected by the National Republican Legislators Association as one of the 10 most outstanding legislators in the US. He also previously wrote an article for the Harvard Journal on Legislation, and he is also a US Air Force veteran, he served as an Air Force Judge Advocate during the Vietnam Conflict for one year. Paul is also on the House Committee on Energy and Commerce where he serves as chairman of the Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, the committee controls the areas of energy, environment, telecommunications, broadcasting, the internet, healthcare, consumer protection and trade. He is also a member of the House Committee on Financial Services, and they are responsible for banking issues, insurance, government sponsored enterprises, and public and private housing. ...

Infant Toddler Development Essays

Infant Toddler Development Essays Infant Toddler Development Paper Infant Toddler Development Paper 1 Definition of infancy period between birth and 12-18 months, when baby begins to talk 1 Definition of toddler infants between 18 and 36 months 1 Maturationist believes babies develop acc. To genes 1 empiricists believe babies develop based on experience (Lockes tabla rasa) 1 nativist believe babies come equipped with inborn feelings, ideas, traits 1 transactional perspective nature AND nurture believes babies develop based both on biology and social interactions 1 cephalocaudal perspective development proceeds from head to foot 1 proximodistal principle development proceeds from center of body to outer extremeties 1 Six categories of Child Development Theories 1) Nativistic/maturational 2) Behavioral 3) Psychoanalytic 4) Cognitive 5) Social contextual 6) Developmental systems theories 1 Methods of studying infants 1) Habituation-Dishabituation/Novelty, 2) Visual Preference Technique 3) Violation of Expectation Method 4) Physiological Repsonses 5) Facial Expressions 6) Parent Reports 7)Nonnutritive Sucking 1 Developmental Assessment Instruments Denver II, Hawaii Early Learning Profile (HELP) 2 Order of stages of an infant (names of the cell clusters) zygote,morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus 2 Percentage of pregnancies that result in miscarriage, and when 50% of pregnancies, usually within the 1st 3 weeks 2 Length of prenatal period 266 days or 38 weeks 2 gestational age from 1st day of last menstrual period (280 days, or 40 weeks) 2 zygote newly fertilized egg. 2 where does the zygote travel? it gets fertilized in the fallopian tubes and travels in the tubes towards the uterus 2 within 36 hours, the zygote does this it divides into 2 cells within 36 hours of fertilization 2 morula what the zygote becomes after dividing into 12-16 cells, knobby looking 2 blastocyst how many days old? four days old, 58 cells 2 What does the blastocyst do during its existence? it floats free in the uterus 2-3 days, then on 6th day attaches to lining of uterus. Enzymes break down cells to help it attach. Enzymes stop on 10th day. 13th or 14th day, implantation has healed over in scarlike cyst. 2 percentage of ertilized ova that fail to attach to uterus 30-50% of ova fail to do this 2 placental previa blastocyst implants in extreme lower region of uterus, DANGEROUS 2 cervical pregnancy blastocyst implants in cervix; usu. Results in spontaneous abortion 2 ectopic pregnancy blastocyst implants outside the uterus; usu. Causes excessive bleeding and spontaneous abortion 2 embryo define, and how old? when blasocyst has developed cells called embryonic disk, it becomes an embryo (around 14th day) 2 embryonic disk group of cells inside blastocyst (now an embryo) that composes the beginning of major structures of the body 2 gastrulation development of the body form, beginning with the formation of 3 germ layers 2 germ layers how many and why? 3 germ layers, form through gastrulation, will become major body structures (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) 2 ectoderm germ layer in embryo that will form nervous system, backbone, skin, hair, nails, parts of eyes and ears 2 endoderm germ layer in embryo that will form digestive tract, respiratory system, liver, glands 2 mesoderm germ layer in embryo that will form circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems, skeleton, muscles, connecting tissues 2 chorion outer layer of the embryo, around 3 weeks; one side attached to uterus, and later develops into placenta; other side has cavity that will form the amniotic sac 2 placenta develops from chorion, it is the link between mother and child, exchanges all nutrients, waste products, oxygen, hormones, etc. 2 umbilical cord how long and thick? links uterus to embryo; at full term, is 1/2 to 3/4 inches thick and 20-24 inches long 2 How often is fluid in amnotic sac replaced? the fluid is changed every 3 hours through the placenta 2 secondary yolk sac (first yolk sac disappears) this one transfers nutrients to embryo before placental connection is made 2 neurulation ectoderm folds over to make neural tube; nervous system begins to develop 2 primitive spinal cord is formed when? by 9th or 10th week 2 what do neurons do, and until when? they migrate until the 28th week 2 what is th most critical period for brain development? between the 3rd and 16th week is most critical 2 when will the embryos tail disappear? it disappears around the 8th week 2 when does the embryo has facial features? by 6 weeks 2 somites the foundations of skeleton, appear as tiny buds around 8th week 2 when do teeth start forming? they start forming around the 12th prenatal week 2 when do kidneys and urinary tract develop they develop by aound the 4th and 5th weeks 2 when does heart begin to flutter? it begins to flutter around the 3rd week (21st day) 2 fetus when do we start calling it this? we start calling it this name around the 9th week (end of 8th) 2 What is the length of the fetal period? (what to what week? this period is 9-20 prenatal weeks 2 vernix caseosa and lanugo what are they, and during what prenatal period do they appear? one is a waxy cheeselike covering of the skin and the other is downlike hairs; during fetal period, around 17-20 weeks 2 Klinefelter Syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; male child is born with two X chromosomes, and one Y; males later develop breasts, small testes, sparse pubic and facial hair, low IQ 2 Turner syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; infant has only 1 X chromosome; delayed growth, webbed neck, ovaries do not function, normal intelligence, visual-perceptial problems 2 cri du chat syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; unusual facial features, reduced head and brain size, heart disease, severe mental disabilities 2 Huntingtons chorea a single gene disorder; a progressive degeneration of the nervous system 2 single gene disorder examples examples include dwarfism, glaucoma, Huntingtons chorea, PKU (phenylketonuria; cant digest amino acids in milk), cycstic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia 2 what is the most common form of prenatal assessment (maternal blood tests, ultrasound, or amniocentesis)? ultrasound is the most common form of this 3 What parecentage of babies are born within 2 weeks of their due date (280 days gestation)? 95% of babies are born at this time 3 What percentage of babies are born in the head-first position? 96% of babies are born in this position 3 what is breech position? this is when baby is born with butt, feet, or knees first 3 what is frank breech position? when baby is born butt first, feet extended straight up past ears 3 What is the most difficult phase of delivery called? The transition phase (contractions are very close together and very strong) 3 How wide is a fully dilated cervix? 8 inches (normally it is the width of a pencil) 3 What is the Leboyer method? it involves controlling te birth environment (warm, quiet room, dim lights, gently handled baby, massaged on mothers belly, baby put in warm water) 3 couvade fathers in the northwest Amazon hold magical beliefs about childbirth, mimic symptoms and delivery 3 neonatal period/infancy length? usu. 2 weeks, or up to 4-6 weeks 3 meconium black, semisolid poo of newborn 3 Name the 6 states of arousal (Wolff 1966) 1) Regular sleep/quiet sleep (non REM) 2)Irregular sleep/active sleep (REM) 3)Drowsiness 4)Alert inactivity (quiet alert) 5) Waking activity (bursts of vigorous movement) 6) Crying 3 Regular sleep is also called: quiet sleep 3 Irregular sleep is also called: active sleep 3 Alert inactivity is also called quiet alert 3 What are the 3 leading causes of infant death in the first year? Congenital abnormalities, prematurity/low birthweight, SIDS 3 What is low birth weight? (under what weight?) under 5 1/2 lbs 3 What is considered full-term birth? (between what weeks?) between 37 and 42 weeks 3 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) the most common cause of death of pre-term infants; babies have incomplete lungs and not enough surfectant 3 What does APGAR stand for? Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiratory Effort 4 What is HGH and why is it important? It is Human Growth Hormone and it is important for growth after the baby is born. Growth may be stunted if deficient (GHD = Growth hormone deficiency) 4 By what month is babys growth doubled (after birth)? Babys weight doubles by 4 or 5 months 4 When is babys weight tripled? It triples by 1 year 4 What is the average birthweight (females, males)? Females average 7 1/2 lbs, males 7 3/4 lbs 4 What is average birth length? (females, males) females average 19 1/2 inches, males 19 3/4 inches 4 BMI how do you calculate it for babies? BMI = pounds divided by inches divided by inches x 703 (average BMI for 3 year old is 15.7) 4 Fontanels wide sections of cartilage that hold together the eight pieces of bone on the infants skull; AKA soft spots 4 When do teeth start to come in? (roughly) normally around 8 months, sometimes earlier =-) 4 When does baby have all 20 teeth cut? around 30-36 months 4 At birth, what percentage has brain grown to? brain is around 25% of full size at birth 4 at 6 months, babys brain is what percentage of full size? at 6 months, babys brain is 50% of adult weight 4 At what prenatal week does baby have a complete set of neurons? at the 20th week, baby has the full 80 million 5 When are babys immunities from mom mostly gone? They are gone by 6-12 months of age 5 otitis media middle ear infection 85% of kids in U.S. have one before age 3 5 what may be a cause of colic? possibly allergic reaction to protein in formula or allergens in breast milk; OR maybe IBS or reflux 5 What is the chance of mother infecting baby with AIDS/HIV? the chance of mother-baby infection is 20-25% 5 What is the leading cause of death for infants ages 6-12 months of age? maltreatment is the leading cause of death in this age group 5 What are the 2 most common forms of maltreatment of babies? the two most common forms are neglect and physical abuse 5 What are the top 3 causes of unintentional infant death? 1) Motor vehicle 2) drowning 3) fires/burns 5 Can AIDS be transmitted through breast milk? Yes, it can be transmitted 5 What age do Americans typically wean their babies? around 1 year (67%) 5 Kwashiorkor malnutrition caused by lack of protein; results in swollen belly, little muscle tissue, loss of hair, lethargy 5 Marasmus malnutrition caused by lack of calories (essentially, starvation); can cause chronic diarrhea, vomiting, irritability, apathy 6 maturation theory theory that children can be taught early, but others who are not taught will catch up easily due to maturation 6 dynamic systems approach a theory that compromises between maturation theory and learning; body systems must work together for baby to accomplish tasks (i.e. walking) 6 Moro reflex baby stretches arms out and brings together in hugging motion, in response to sudden noise or drop (disappears by 3 or 4 months 6 Babinski reflex big toe goes up while other toes go down, in response to tickle on bottom of foot (12-16 months) 6 tonic neck reflex reflex where one side of body is dominant, one arm and leg are extended in direction of which way head is facing (fades out 4th month) 6 stepping reflex rhythmic steps when feet touch flat surface (gone by 5 months) 6 Reflex must disappear before†¦ †¦before voluntary motor movement can be established 6 Two stages of Fine Motor Development 1) prereaching (swatting for things in visual field) 2) Visually Directed reaching (locate item with eyes first) 6 prehension grasping object between fingers and thumb 6 when does baby learn to use thumb for grasping? around 9 months 6 when can baby sit up alone? (roughly) around 6-7 months 6 when do average infants begin to crawl? around 7 months 6 when do babies creep? around 9 months 6 when do babies walk? around 12 months 6 when do babies stand? around 8-10 months 6 cruising walking sideways, using furniture to hold oneself up 6 when do babies run? around 18 months 6 what scale is used to measure motor movement? Bayley Scales of Infant Development II 7 can babies feel pain? of course!! More stress when given less anesthesia 7 haptic perception rubbing hands on surface of objects 7 what is the least-developed sense at birth? (hearing, smelling†¦ etc) vision is the least developed sense 7 when can babies see color about as well as adults? around 3 months, babies can see color as well 7 which do babies prefer more? Faces or patterns? they prefer faces more 7 when can babies discriminate between one or two objects from three (counting)? around 4-5 months 8 what are the two best predictors of IQ and language development later in life? home-environment quality and parent-infant interactions are the best predictors 8 Piagets theory believes that intelligence develops through what two kinds of influences? he believed it develops based on interaction between genetic and environmental (external) influences 8 scheme a basic pattern of action, thought, or knowledge 8 adaptation what is it the key to, according to? making changes in thought and actions to fit into new situations; Piaget believed it is the key to intellectual functioning 8 assimilation making the environment fit YOU 8 What two processes make up adaptation? Assimilation and accommodation 8 Accomodation making yourself fit the environment 8 what are Piagets basic stages? sensorimotor, preoperational thought, concrete operations, formal operations 8 sensorimotor period (age, how many stages) birth to 2 years, six stages 1)Exercising Reflex schemes, 2)primary circular reactions 3)secondary circular reactions 4) coordination of secondary circular reactions 5) Teritary Circular reactions 6)Invention of new Means through Mental Combinations 8 Acc. To Piaget, thought arises from†¦ †¦arises from action 8 Stage 1 Sensorimotor (name, age, char) Exercising reflex schemes (Birth-1 month) sucking, looking, crying. Goal is to become efficient at reflexes to satisfy nutritive needs 8 Stage2 Sensorimotor (name, age, char) Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) primary = centered in babies own body. Circular reaction: response that stimulates its own repetition (i.e. thumb sucking). Understands order of events (put in position to nurse, followed by nursing) basis for concept of time 8 Stage 3 Sensorimotor Secondary Circular reactions (4-8 months) secondary = based on events or objects outside the body, ie. kicking a mobile stimulates repetition of kicking, object permanence emerges 8 Stage 4 Sensorimotor Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months) schemes are flexible, can be generalized to more situations. Babies can solve simple problems or obstacles. Cause and Effect emerges. (i.e. moving pillow to get box) true imitation emerges (imitate actions they cant see themselves perform i.e. wrinkle nose 8 Stage 5 Sensorimotor Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) baby deliberately varies repetitive activities to produce new results. (curiosity and creativity) cause and effect is extended to other people. Babies seek to understand functions and properties of objects (i.e. weight) object permanence improves 8 Stage 6 Sensorimotor Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations (18-24 months) ability to represent objects using mental images emerges. Invents solutions using mental schemes. 8 Vygotsky believed that these two things are critical factors in intellectual development: environment and social interactions 8 Vygotsky also believed this was central to shaping mental functioning: language 8 Sensorimotor play play through body movements that provide sensory pleasure; i.e. kicking, sucking, shaking, banging 8 double substitution the most sophisticated form of pretend (symbolic) play ie. stick is a doll (1) and bottle cap is cup the doll drinks from (2) 8 scaffolding (and who termed it?) Vygotsky termed it) tutoring, encouraging 9 When does private speech appear? around 30 months (2 1/2- 3 years) 9 phonology the sound features of speech and rules for their combination 9 phoneme basic, distinctive sounds used to form language 9 morphology the way sounds are combined to form words and other units of meaning 9 semantics the definitions of words and relations to other words (context) 9 Syntax the way words are combined to form sentences 9 pragmatics the practical functions of language and ways it is used to communicate 9 When does babbling emerge? 6 months 9 When does echolalia emerge? 9 months 9 when does first word emerge? 12 months 9 canonical babbling well-formed vowel and consonant combos, around 10 months (da da) 9 morpheme unit of meaning (ie. in choirboy, the words choir and boy are morphemes; also opened is open and ed) 9 age when vocabulary starts multiplying a lot: 18 -21 months (gain of 100 words) 9 word comprehension begins at age†¦ at 9-10 months (meaning of words like no) 9 age when babies start to put sentences together (2 words) 18 months 9 holophrases single words that are intended to mean a whole sentence (like ball means bring me the ball 9 two-word utterances what pattern do they follow? subject-verb Daddy eat! (not Eat Daddy!) 9 Three-word sentences appear at†¦ 2 to 2 1/2 years 9 Seven language functions: (Halliday) 1) Instrumental (I want) 2)Regulatory (do as I tell you) 3) Interactional (me and you) 4) Personal (Here I come) 5) Heuristic (exploring the environment) 6) Imaginative (Lets pretend) 7) Informative (Ive got something to tell you) 9 when do babies start the 7th funciton of language (informative) around 22 months 9 when does pointing gesture appear? 9-14 months 9 when do babies look at objects other people point to? 1 year 9 crib talk begins when? around 2-3 years 9 motherese special language mothers use to talk to their babies; baby talk (higher pitch, short, simplified words, slower pace, whispering, restriciton of topics to childs world 9 idioglossia private twin language, consisting of jargon and gestures 10 Freuds oral stage what ages, what bx? ages birth to 18 mo., baby must receive gratification throguh mouth (ie. sucking, feeding) or he/she will stay orally fixated 10 Freuds anal stage what ages, what bx? ages 18 mo. To 3 years; Baby must have a positive toilet training experience or he/she will remain anally fixated 10 Eriksons Trust Versus Mistrust ages? Char? ages Birth to 18 mo., baby must feel that the world is to be trusted, requires consistency and continuity, or baby will have difficulty separating from mother and have emotional problems later in life 10 Eriksons Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt 18 mo. To 3 years; baby must explore environment on its own, must establish bowel control (like Freuds anal stage); parents should not be overpermissive or overrestrictive. If child feels incompetent or insecure, they cannot progress to next stage 10 What is required to advance through Eriksons stages? each stage represents a conflict; conflict must be resolved before personality can proceed smoothly to the next stage. 10 What are the 9 dimensions of personality? 1) Activity level 2)Rhythmicity (regularity of schedule, eating, sleeping) 3) Approach or withdrawal (to people, food) 4) Adaptability (to change) 5) Sensory threshold (level of stimulation to elicit a response) 6) Intensity of response 7) Quality of mood 8) Distractibility 9) Persistence of attention span 10 65% of babies fall into one of three categories of child: 1) Easy Child (regular schedule, positive mood, easy to comfort, 40% of babies) 2) Difficult Child (irregular body functions and routines, cry a lot, not adaptable (10% of babies) 3) Slow-to-Warm-Up Child (mild intensity of reactions, not easily adaptable, mild negative responses, eventually makes appropriate adjustments, and displays quiet interest and enjoyment, 15 % of babies) 10 goodness-of-fit when child and caregiver match each other in personality 10 self-recognition (in mirror) when does this begin? starting around 15-18 months 10 by this age, babies can distinguish between picture of themselves and picture of another baby around 2 years 10 verbal self when baby can refer to him/herself with verbal labels (I, me, my) 10 when do babies first use verbal self labels? (I, me, my) around 20-22 months (I is usu. First) 10 When do babies start using self-descriptive statements (like I play)? around 2 years 10 perceived personal effectance infants learn the extent to which they can control their world; a 1-year-old is less afraid of a scary toy when they can control the toy 10 theory of mind 1) others have thoughts and beliefs that may be different from mine 2) understand that others sometimes have false beliefs (like when playing hide-and-seek, mommy may think you are in the closet when youre not) 11 7 abilities of Social Competence 1) getting, holding adults attention 2) Expressing affection and annoyance appropriately 3) Using an adult as resource when task is too difficult 4) Showing pride of personal accomplishments 5) Engaging in role-play/make-believe 6) Leading and following peers 7) Competing with peers 11 First social smile appears when? 2-3 months 11 social laughter appears when? 3-4 months 11 Notices/interacts with peers when? 3-6 months 11 Plays peek-a-boo when? 5-8 months 11 shy with strangers when? 8-10 months, peaks at 12 months 11 endogenous smile triggered by changes of arousal in nervous system; not socially produced 11 exogenous smile triggered by stimuli outside of body, changes in nervous system produced by others, ie. babytalk or blowing on tummy 11 Whaleys 5 stages of adult-infant play 1) Complementary/Reciprocal Social Play (face-to-face, smiles, sounds, adult as object) 2) Complementary/Reciprocal Play with Manual Awareness (focus of play is object provided by adult) 3) Simple Social/Simple Object Play (7-13 months infant locates own objects, playthings, parallel play with peers 4) Object Play wtih Mutual Regard (13-18 months infant attends to objects and adults at the same time thru games, conversations) 5) Simple Parallel Play (18-24 months, toddler plays independently with adults and peers nearby) 11 Uzgiris and Raeffs 3 types of infant-adult play 1) Interpersonal Play 2) Object Play 3) Symbolic Play 11 Interpersonal Play face-to-face interactions, social games, routines; peek-a-boo; imitaiton 11 Object Play parents are the audience and facilitators to infant playing with toy or object 11 Symbolic Play i.e. a block becomes a hammer, 1-2 years old infants will engage in joint episodes of symbolic play. Older kids will do it more independently 11 Earliest peer interactions infants notice other babies when? around 2 months 11 infant reaches toward other infants when? 3 months 11 infants vocalize and smile at other infants when? 6 months 11 Infants make physical contact when? around 1 year, exploring eyes, mouths, ears 11 Negative behaviors increase between what ages? between 1-2 years 11 By 2 years of age, toddler interactions are characterized by more: repetitive, reciprocal, cooperative patterns 11 Playmate preferences appear by: 18 months 11 By this age, most toddlers perfer same-sex peers as playmates 2 years 11 Between these ages, toddler find amusement in forbidden behaviors and share in laughter of others in challenge to adult authority: ages 14-24 months 11 moral development internalizing the rules and principles of human behavior 11 the moral dilemma experiment involving a hurt peer and bandages on a forbidden shelf showed: most children struggled with the dilemma but found a way to achieve a positive outcome 11 Prosocial behaviors, examples positive, socially desirable activities; ie. sharing, nuturing, helping, cooperation 11 Sharing behavior begins around age 1 (and declines afterwards, becoming more individualized 11 Children become more obedient between ages 1-3 years 11 by this age, most toddlers have adopted much of their cultures sex-typed division of activities and attributes by age 3 12 socialization of emotions infants emotions are influenced by the responses of parents and other caregivers 12 Mothers give a greater variety of emotional responses to (boys or girls?) girls 12 at what age to infants display anger? 4-7 months 12 at what age do infants display fear/wariness? 4-9 months 12 at what age do infants display rage? 7-18 months 12 display affection/love? 18-36 months 12 display empathy/symapthy? 18-36 months 12 display embarrassment? 24-36 months 12 display guilt, pride, shame? 24-36 months 12 when does stranger anxiety peak? 12 months 12 stranger anxiety declines after 1 year, then peaks again between ages: 18-24 months 12 separation anxiety begins at†¦ and peaks at†¦ begins at 8-9 months, peaks at 12 months 12 empathy may also correspond with infants achievement of: self-recognition (concept of self and others) 12 social referencing baby looks to adult to decide how to react in uncertain situations if mom smiles at a strange toy, baby is more willing to explore the toy 12 at this age, most babies can point to pictures of happy and sad faces by age 2 12 securely attached def and percentage? 66 % explored while mother was there, reacted positively to stranger, distressed when mother left, was easily comforted and resumed play when mom returned 12 avoidant attachment 12 % did not protest when separated from mother, avoided or ignored mother when she came back 12 ambivalent attachment 22 % very upset when mothers left room, ran to mothers when reunited, but was clinging and resistant (kicking and pushing away) 12 disorganized-disoriented attachment screaming for parent upon separation, moving silently away when parent returns, freezing all movement, approaching parent with head averted, stereotypies like rocking on hands and knees (their mothers often have early psychological trauma and loss) 13 Effects of divorce on children under age 2: less basic trust, more guilt and shame, less industry, more feelings of inferiority; more behavior problems in preschool 13 Effects of Father absence children score lower on cognitive tests, educational achievement is negatively affected 13 Percentages of children cared for by: parent, relative, daycare, non-relative family childcare parent 27%, relative 27%, daycare 22%, non-relative family childcare 17% 13 Six characteristics of home environment likely to foster early development: 1) Emotional and verbal responsivity of mother 2) Avoidance of restriction and punishment 3) Organization of physical env. And schedule 4) Provisions of appropriate play materials 5) Maternal involvement with child 6) Opportunities for variety in daily stimulation 13 Four types of discipline that result in Negative Outcomes: 1) inconsistent discipline 2) irritable, explosive discipline 3) low supervision and involvement 4) inflexible, rigid discipline 13 If punishment is necessary, it should be: brief and clearly linked to what the child has done

Enviromental Science - Water Quality Parameters Movie Review

Enviromental Science - Water Quality Parameters - Movie Review Example However, group 3 found a turbidity value of 30 downstream and group 4 found a turbidity value of 40 upstream. Temperature – the temperature of the water in the stream is within the normal temperature range. Water is cooler upstream than downstream meaning that metabolism activities in the stream are in the normal range. Temperature also affects reproductive activities in the stream and life cycles in general. Dissolved oxygen – it is the mass of oxygen present in the water, and its units are parts per million (ppm) or milliliter per Liter. The average dissolved oxygen of 7ppm means that the mass of oxygen in the water is within the required range for aquatic life. The values of 5.6 ppm and 5.2 ppm for dissolved oxygen upstream and downstream respectively shows that oxygen levels are lower than average. The amount of dissolved oxygen may be affected by temperature, flow of water, aquatic plants and altitude. Percentage Saturation – the percentage saturation is 62.2% upstream and 59% down stream. This is an indication of high metabolic activities in the stream that result in the production of by-products that increase the saturation of salts in water. This is a key parameter that lowers the water quality in the stream. PH – the pH of water in the stream is extremely crucial. It affects the ecosystem and toxicity of the water. The average pH of water in a stream is 6 – 7. The pH of water in the stream is 8.05 upstream and 7.9 downstream. This pH levels are suitable for aquatic life in the stream. Phosphate (ppm) - phosphate is a limiting nutrient which means that it is in short supply compared to nitrogen. The stream has low phosphate values of 1.6 and 1.4 for upstream and downstream

Social effects of hurricane Katrina in the Gulf region Essay

Social effects of hurricane Katrina in the Gulf region - Essay Example Social effects of hurricane Katrina in the Gulf region Research suggests Hurricane Katrina negatively impacted the Gulf region because it led to loss of lives, civil disturbances, and property damages. This included the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq in a type of political revenge attack against the terrorist activity led by Osama bin Laden. The hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in one of the worst times for America in Iraq, when the opposition attacks were at their strongest. The failure of the American government to help its own people in the aftermath of the hurricane contrasted sharply with the political rhetoric of the Bush administration, exposing its hypocrisy internationally on truly humanitarian and vital issues of domestic security. From this point on, the Bush administration would lose whatever political authority and respect it retained in America, eventually ending in the election of President Obama in the 2008 election. It is important to recognize how Hurricane Katrina eroded the political authority of the Bush administr ation at a time when it was conducting two unpopular political wars abroad. The symbolic effect of the images broadcast internationally displayed America as no different from the â€Å"Third World† nations that it perennially derides and rejects in building its political myth of superiority. The public, both domestically in America and internationally in civil society, are aware of the duality between the ideals proclaimed by the political leadership in America, and the actual actions taken by authority. For example, in talking about peace and justice, the U.S. administration at the time was practicing torture, extraordinary rendition, and other forms of illegal detention such as in undisclosed, secret prisons and Guantanamo Bay. This is a hypocritical stance in many ways, despite the way that it was posited by the Bush administration under the rhetoric of Homeland Security and public safety. What Katrina did is publicly expose the hypocrisy in this rhetoric to full internati onal view, showing that the Bush administration really was not concerned with people’s safety, health, and welfare at all, especially if they were not in a wealthy, Wall St. constituency. Thus, the first major effect of the Katrina disaster was to erode the public authority of the Bush administration and to associate it publicly with hypocrisy. (Brinkley, 2007). This result is quite important as the theme carried over into the 2008 Presidential election and led to the election of Barrack Obama and a Democratic majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. As a political symbol, Katrina showed the dichotomy between rich and poor in America, and how those in positions of power are more likely to be serving their own interests rather than that of the public good or public need. This is important as it creates a type of despair popularly, a political vacuum of sorts that the â€Å"hope and change† mantra of the Obama administration capitalized on in 2008. F rom this it is legitimate to conclude that Hurricane Katrina caused a major change in political perceptions in America, and that this included a loss of faith in the ability of the government to provide services in an emergency situation. (Brown, 2005) Consider the vast destruction and number of deaths and injuries that took place in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, and it is evident that this is precisely a situation where the