The Effects of Increased Atmospheric CO2 - 1655 Words

Deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels have led to a great increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. Since the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of atmospheric CO2 has increased from about 280 parts per million to above 390 parts per million; and recently has been calculated to be rising 1.5-2 parts per million per year (Kudela, 2013). This sharp increase in atmospheric CO2 has had an impact on the ocean, and can be seen by the increase in the levels of gaseous CO2 in the seawater. When the CO2 rich atmosphere comes in contact with the surface of the ocean, CO2 is readily absorbed which causes the pH of seawater to become more acidic. Many enzymes and processes that occur in the ocean, like†¦show more content†¦Coralline algae use HCO3- to intracellularly precipitate CaCO3 which forms their outer crust. Coccolithophores use HCO3- to form their coccolith (Roleda et al., 2012). Aragonite and calcite are the two most abundant forms of CaCO3. Both respond to changes in pH, with aragonite being the most sensitive. As pH decreases in the oceans the concentration of carbonate ions needed for saturation increase. When this carbonate becomes undersaturated, anything calcareous becomes vulnerable to dissolution (Nienhuis et al., 2010). This, combined with rising sea temperatures, poses a major threat of dissolution to reef-building communities that are dependent on aragonite. Buddemeier et al. projected a 95% loss in coral reefs in the eastern Caribbean, by 2035, in response to this acidification (Couce et al., 2013). To try to understand the effects of ocean acidification and an increase in temperature, a study was conducted on the calcifying mussel, Mytilus chilensis. Duarte et al. attempted to mimic the potential changes associated with increased temperature and concentrations of CO2. M. chilensis was subjected to different temperature, 12 and 16 °C, and CO2 regimes, 390, 700, and 1000 parts per million. Juvenile survival, total calcification rate, and growth rate were measured. Duarte et al. concluded that temperature did not have a significant effect on the total weight or the net rate of calcium deposition (as shell building). However, CO2Show MoreRelatedIndirect Scientific Measurements Of Atmospheric Composition Over The Last 10000 Years Have Informed The Climate Change Debate1580 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Discuss how both direct and indirect scientific measurements of atmospheric composition over the last 10,000 years have informed the climate change debate†. There are both direct and indirect ways of measuring atmospheric composition. Direct scientific measures are used to gain quantitative data which primarily use scientific tools and equipment to measure the actual climatic changes, be it a change in greenhouse gas concentrations or an increase in climatic temperature. Indirect scientific measurementsRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe climate change debate has been ongoing for nearly thirty years now, the debate is over the causation(s) of global warming. Temperatures on earth have increased approximately 2.0 °F since the early 20th century. Levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane have drastically increased within the atmosphere. Both sides within the debate surrounding global climate change can agree on these points. However; disagree on a number of other possible causations of global warming. Even thoughRead MorePollution Of Fossil Fuels And Deforestation Essay1484 Words    |  6 Pagesgreenhouse gasses and that is a natural process called the Greenhouse Effect (MFE Australia, 2013). What are Greenhouse gasses? Greenhouse gasses are emissions that traps heat in the atmosphere (EPA, 2012). Main greenhouse gasses consists of Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (NO2) and Fluorinated gasses (EPA, 2012). The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation by incineration are common sources of atmospheric CO2 emissions, since growing forests are being incinerated it rules outRead MoreThe Effect Of Ocean Acidification On The Rates Of Calcium Produced By Marine Organisms1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 continues to be produced by, the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrialization, cement production, and other land-use changes. The ocean absorbs much of this excess CO2 through air-sea gas exchange, resulting in changes in seawater chemistry. Due to human-made emissions, the CO2 content of the oceans has dram atically increased and is gradually acidifying the surface waters. As a result of human-made emissions, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere andRead MoreGlobal Temperature And Climate Change1380 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Temperature The Earth-atmosphere energy cycle is a structure of coordinating atmospheric components. The Kà ¶ppen classification system is a simple format for generalizing climate patterns, partitioning the planet into malleable regions by average environmental conditions. Terms to describe the atypical fluctuations in the Earth’s climate include both global warming and climate change. While global warming denotes an average escalation of temperature, climate change suggests a shift in theRead More Fossil Fuel Consumption, Co2 And Its Impact On Global Climate1580 Words   |  7 Pages Fossil Fuel Consumption, CO2 and Its Impact on Global Climate Background: At the beginning of human history, we had to satisfy our energy needs (for food, heat and movement) by using our own muscle power and gathering or hunting naturally available plants, animals and wood. Each stage in the evolution of human society (the development of farming, domestication of animals, harnessing of wind and water power) increased the average per capita energy use, but it was the Industrial Revolution and theRead MoreThe Global Warming That Took Place At Permian Triassic Boundary1038 Words   |  5 Pagestraps lead to increased amount of carbon dioxide. The eruptions of basalt lava were accompanied by large volume of CO2 (Self, Schmidt, Mather, 2014). Accumulation of CO2 has long lasting effects on global warming due to its long lifetime. Study conducted by Archer (2005) showed that 400 km3 of flood basalt would release 2 gigatonnes (Gt, 1 Gt = 1012 kg) of carbon. Overall, Siberian traps allowed up to 11 000 Gt of carbon to be released (assuming lava volume of 2.5 million km3). The CO2 degassed duringRead MoreA Climate Mitigation Strategy1567 Words   |  6 Pagesof carbon dioxide (CO2) between the surface ocean and atmosphere. Carbon dioxide moves from high to low pressure. When the partial pressure of CO2 is higher in the atmosphere than in the surface ocean CO2 is dissolved into the ocean surface where it reacts with the other pumps. Carb onate and bicarbonate ions are formed, this again lowers the partial pressure allowing for greater amounts of CO2 to dissolve into the surface ocean. However, due to the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphereRead MoreIncreasing Levels Of Carbon Dioxide1491 Words   |  6 PagesIncreasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) have created problematic oceanic conditions that are detrimental towards the livelihood of coral reefs and other marine biota. The high levels of CO2 lead to a decline of ocean pH among other issues such as dramatic changes in oceanic make-up and chemistry. Statistics and data collected has shown that ocean acidification will not only increase but accelerate over the next century. The ocean takes in about 1/3 of anthropogenic carbon added to the atmosphereRead MoreThe Annual Changes Of Temperature On A Planet1021 Words   |  5 Pagesapproximately 142 Martian days. These extreme seasons of Mars can have some very interesting effects on the planet. Research has shown that global atmospheric pressure is 25% lower during the local wintertime than during summer. This happens for two reasons: first, the eccentricity of Mars s orbit and secondly, there is a pattern-like exchange of carbon dioxide between the north and south polar caps and the mostly CO2 atmosphere. When the north pole is tilted away from the sun around the winter solstice

The Problem Of The Older Adult Population Essay - 1685 Words

The older adult population in the United States has steadily increased thanks to technology and medical advances. While this definitely is an undeniable achievement, it also creates some challenges that society was not as prevalent to face before. Now that people are living longer it’s also means that often times family members are becoming caregivers to their loved ones during their so called golden years. Not only may it be difficult to care for a loved one, but it also becomes even more burdensome when their loved has a disability. In fact â€Å"dementia is one of the major causes of disability and dependency among older people worldwide.† (2016). Fortunately there are adult day centers that serve people with dementia and provide services that can benefit them. However many times caregivers are forgotten about and aren’t provided services that can also benefit them as well. While it does take a bit of pressure off of the caregivers while their loved ones are a t the day center, it does not eliminate all the other effects. Many people may not be aware that there are detrimental effects that a caregiver may experience as a result of caring for someone with dementia. While caregiving for an older adult may be demanding in general, caring for a loved one with dementia potentially can be even more strenuous due to the nature of the illness. Dementia is â€Å"associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person s ability to perform everydayShow MoreRelatedSexually Transmitted Diseases ( Std ) Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesTransmitted Diseases (STD) are one of the most common and preventable health care problems in the world. 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Because this is an issue affecting an ever-growing number of the country’s population, the focus of our practice based research project will be based primarily on the increasing number of older adults who are becoming addicted to prescription drugs. To define our terms more precisely we must first discuss who falls in the category of â€Å"older adult.† For this assignment, the term â€Å"older adult† can be defined as an individualRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1473 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined as those Americans born between 1946 and 1964, turn 65 in 2011. The number of older Americans will increase from 35 to 70 million by the year 2030 (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2000). The nation’s population will increase 18% during and the population aged 65 and older will increase 78% ( Wan, Sengupta, Velkoff, DeBarros, 2005). 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Understand How Groups Develop and Function Free Essays

How groups develop and function This essay examines and explains how groups develop and function. Groups are a fundamental part of our lives from social to professional, from large to small, depending on their particular environment. Theories and models on group work practice There are different theories that help us understand how group works. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand How Groups Develop and Function or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tuckman’s theory Dr Bruce Tuckman published his Forming Storming Norming Performing model in 1965. He added a fifth stage, Adjourning, in the 1970s. Tuckman’s theory does work in new and small groups rather than big, as it is easier to follow, observe and evaluate individual members. The facilitator can easily identify the stages the group is at, and from here he/she can lead the group to the next stage. I would associate Tuckman’s theory more with the Co-operative style of leadership, because when the group comes together, everyone has the chance to share their ideas and responsibilities. Team members’ behaviour towards each other is more open and supportive and working practice more fully reflects true teamwork. Trust and motivation is built between team members. Everyone agrees on methods and plans which will lead to achieving the set goals. Team roles are been formed too. Douglas Theory Douglas McGregor is the creator of the theory X and theory Y. The two theories are opposite to each other. Theory X being the pessimistic as the employee does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible and has little or no ambition of achieving the company goals. Employee needs a directive leader. Theory X leader is results-driven, intolerant, distant, poor listener, demands, etc. Companies with Theory X leadership will usually have poor results. Theory Y is described as the optimistic model because the employee is more relaxed and can use own initiative. He/she is committed and loyal to the company and can take on responsibilities. Theory Y gives the opportunity of more leaders to be created. On the other side, Theory Y might be difficult to be put in practice in big mass productions where more control is needed. From the both theories we can conclude that staff will contribute more to the organisation if they are treated as responsible and valued employees. Belbin Team Role Theory â€Å"A team is not a bunch of people with job titles, but a congregation of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek out certain roles and they perform most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. † Dr. R. M. Belbin Belbin identifies nine team roles. Each team role is associated with typical behavioural and interpersonal strengths, allowable and non-allowable weaknesses that also accompany the team roles. The nine team roles are: plant, resource investigator, co-ordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, team worker, implementer, complete finisher and specialist. Belbin’s Team Role Models are very useful in forming, maintaining and developing a group. For example we can use it to think about team balance before recruitment starts; we can use it to highlight and so manage interpersonal differences within an existing team; and we can use it to develop ourselves as a team players. Sometimes however, despite clear roles and responsibilities, a team can still fall short of its full potential. This is when Belbin’s Team Role Models come into use to develop the team’s strengths and manage its weaknesses. To maintain strong team it is important over period of time to observe individual members, and see how they behave and contribute within the team. Then for each person we write down the key strengths and observed weaknesses. Using Belbin’s descriptions of team roles, we note the one that most accurately describes the person. After we do it for each member of the team, we need to consider which team roles are we missing from the team and which strengths. Once we are clear about the outcome of our research, we then consider whether an existing team member could compensate by adopting different team role, or whether new skills need to be brought onto the team to cover weaknesses. Adair Team Theory â€Å"Leadership is the most studied subject in the world and the least understood† John Adair (2003) Adair has developed so called Action-Centred Leadership model which consist of three circles Task, Team and Individual, which overlap. The three circles overlap because: 1. To be completed the task needs a team, one person cannot achieve it. . If the team needs are not met, then the task won’t be completed and the individuals won’t be satisfied. 3. If the individuals are not satisfied, then the team will suffer and the task won’t be completed again. The conclusion is that for the team to be functioning to its high standard and to be able to achieve its goals it is important all the individuals to be satisfied, rewa rded and the team to be motivated to reach its full potentials. Forming and maintaining a cohesive and effective group Group cohesion is a phenomenon that determines how well a group holds together. When cohesion is strong, a group will remain stable and effective, but when it is weak, the group may fall apart. To build strong group cohesion is important for the leader to be able to get to know the group members individually so that he/she can tailor an appreciation message to each individual as needed. The next important attribute is for the leader to be sincere with his employees. He needs to praise his employees, one way or another – that could be done in private or in public, and not just once or twice, has to be consistent and more frequent. At the beginning of the forming of the group the leader has to set clear goals to his employees and to make sure that these goals don’t change somewhere half way through to the group work as it may derail the team. Once the goals are set, it is important to communicate with the team not through email or memos, but verbally where the leader can ask for feedback from the team members, exchange ideas in how to achieve the set goals. Here is the stage when the team roles are being set and clarified. For the team to continue its effectiveness, the employees will need the support from their leader. The leader needs to be approachable and supportive so the group members don’t feel alone. Providing a connection between the group goals and the company’s goal will make the group members accountable, they will feel more appreciated and important in the bigger picture not only as group members, but as individuals too. All the above factors are in the core of forming and maintaining a cohesive and effective group. A team that feels comfortable working together can have an energy that creates a positive environment and work ethic that can lift a team, making it more effective. This positive environment can make team members work harder, more efficiently and more productively. The influence of the different facilitation styles At heart facilitation is about the process of helping people to explore, learn and change. Our role, when facilitating, and as facilitators, is to help groups to work together respectfully and truthfully and to help them to explore and respond to certain issues and questions. The leader’s success depends on many factors, including the kind  of person he/she is,  his/hers values of management, his/hers self-confidence and competence, his/hers trust in  the team and how he/she copes with  stress. The manager’s chosen facilitation style depends on such factors. Many managers feel they are  expected to make the decisions, others feel they must get their teams involved. Some have confidence in their team; others mistrust them. Particular style of facilitation will work effectively when dealing with some people rather than others. There are three styles of facilitation: directive, co-operative and autonomous. Directive Style When leaders tell people what to do through a series of directives, they are using a directive style of leadership. Directive leaders are focused on outcomes and productivity. They are task-oriented and driven by the need to get things done. Directive leaders are not as concerned with the feelings and emotions of their followers as they are about meeting deadlines, hitting quota and reaching goals. There is not great deal of relationship-building found with directive facilitation style. With the directive style present the employees will not feel motivated and appreciated. Employees will feel pressured and soon will lose enthusiasm. The group will not have strong cohesion and will be less effective. If we look at the Douglas’ X and Y theory, we’ll see that the directive style would be more suitable for the X employees, but it won’t be effective for Y employees as they won’t respond. The directive style does not develop future leaders. Co-operative style Here the facilitator shares responsibilities with the group: the leader guides the group to become more self-directing in the various forms of learning by conferring with them. The leader prompts and helps group members to make a decision, to give meaning to experiences, to do their own confrontation, and so on. In this process, the leader shares own view which, though influential, is not final but one among many. Outcomes are always negotiated. The leader collaborates with the members of the group in devising the learning process: facilitation is co-operative. When the leader/manager uses the co-operative style the employees will feel valued and appreciated. They will want to make suggestions because they know that they will be listened to by the manager, hence they will be very motivated to perform to a high standard. The type of groups with a co-operative style leader will have very strong cohesion and will be highly effective. Team roles will be very clear within such groups which will lead to achieving the set goals. Future leaders will grow in such groups. When the goals are achieved and the group is no longer needed, there will be sadness of breaking the group. Autonomous style Here the leader/manager respects the total autonomy of the group: they do not do things for them, or with them, but give them freedom to find their own way, exercising their own judgment without any intervention on the leader’s part. This does not mean the abdication of responsibility; the leader just gives the individuals a space to determine their own learning. Unfortunately, such groups will feel that they are being left and will lack direction. The autonomous style grows future leaders, but can also suffer if group members are unqualified. Why it is important to be clear about the purpose and desired outcomes for the group? When group is formed, it is important that the leader clarifies the purpose and desired outcomes for the group. The employees will know what is to be expected from them. Then the group can engage openly and effectively discussing how the goals will be achieved. It is also the stage when the team roles are being created. At the end of the meeting we should have clear accomplishment. Analyse the importance of participant engagement in achieving group outcomes The most important thing is what the participants in the meeting have to say. The leader has to focus on how the meeting is structured and run to make sure that everyone can participate. The leader needs to make sure that everyone feels comfortable in participating, to allow everyone to be heard, to make sure that the members feel good about their contribution, to support everyone’s ideas and not criticising. If the leader follows the steps above the group members will feel empowered about their own ideas and participation. They will stay loyal to the company and will take on responsibilities and ownership. Conclusion From this brief overview we can see the significance of groups and why it is important to continuously develop them –from one side, to strengthen their potential and from the other, to help the development of their individual members. They are a fundamental part of human experience and  play a crucial role both in shaping and influencing individual lives and society itself. We saw how an effective group brings humans together and how an effective group gives birth to successful leaders. Humans always will be, as groups will be too. That makes the groups one of the most important factors of our lives. The more effective the group is, the more the quality of our lives will grow. How to cite Understand How Groups Develop and Function, Essay examples Understand How Groups Develop and Function Free Essays How groups develop and function This essay examines and explains how groups develop and function. Groups are a fundamental part of our lives from social to professional, from large to small, depending on their particular environment. Theories and models on group work practice There are different theories that help us understand how group works. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand How Groups Develop and Function or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tuckman’s theory Dr Bruce Tuckman published his Forming Storming Norming Performing model in 1965. He added a fifth stage, Adjourning, in the 1970s. Tuckman’s theory does work in new and small groups rather than big, as it is easier to follow, observe and evaluate individual members. The facilitator can easily identify the stages the group is at, and from here he/she can lead the group to the next stage. I would associate Tuckman’s theory more with the Co-operative style of leadership, because when the group comes together, everyone has the chance to share their ideas and responsibilities. Team members’ behaviour towards each other is more open and supportive and working practice more fully reflects true teamwork. Trust and motivation is built between team members. Everyone agrees on methods and plans which will lead to achieving the set goals. Team roles are been formed too. Douglas Theory Douglas McGregor is the creator of the theory X and theory Y. The two theories are opposite to each other. Theory X being the pessimistic as the employee does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible and has little or no ambition of achieving the company goals. Employee needs a directive leader. Theory X leader is results-driven, intolerant, distant, poor listener, demands, etc. Companies with Theory X leadership will usually have poor results. Theory Y is described as the optimistic model because the employee is more relaxed and can use own initiative. He/she is committed and loyal to the company and can take on responsibilities. Theory Y gives the opportunity of more leaders to be created. On the other side, Theory Y might be difficult to be put in practice in big mass productions where more control is needed. From the both theories we can conclude that staff will contribute more to the organisation if they are treated as responsible and valued employees. Belbin Team Role Theory â€Å"A team is not a bunch of people with job titles, but a congregation of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek out certain roles and they perform most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. † Dr. R. M. Belbin Belbin identifies nine team roles. Each team role is associated with typical behavioural and interpersonal strengths, allowable and non-allowable weaknesses that also accompany the team roles. The nine team roles are: plant, resource investigator, co-ordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, team worker, implementer, complete finisher and specialist. Belbin’s Team Role Models are very useful in forming, maintaining and developing a group. For example we can use it to think about team balance before recruitment starts; we can use it to highlight and so manage interpersonal differences within an existing team; and we can use it to develop ourselves as a team players. Sometimes however, despite clear roles and responsibilities, a team can still fall short of its full potential. This is when Belbin’s Team Role Models come into use to develop the team’s strengths and manage its weaknesses. To maintain strong team it is important over period of time to observe individual members, and see how they behave and contribute within the team. Then for each person we write down the key strengths and observed weaknesses. Using Belbin’s descriptions of team roles, we note the one that most accurately describes the person. After we do it for each member of the team, we need to consider which team roles are we missing from the team and which strengths. Once we are clear about the outcome of our research, we then consider whether an existing team member could compensate by adopting different team role, or whether new skills need to be brought onto the team to cover weaknesses. Adair Team Theory â€Å"Leadership is the most studied subject in the world and the least understood† John Adair (2003) Adair has developed so called Action-Centred Leadership model which consist of three circles Task, Team and Individual, which overlap. The three circles overlap because: 1. To be completed the task needs a team, one person cannot achieve it. . If the team needs are not met, then the task won’t be completed and the individuals won’t be satisfied. 3. If the individuals are not satisfied, then the team will suffer and the task won’t be completed again. The conclusion is that for the team to be functioning to its high standard and to be able to achieve its goals it is important all the individuals to be satisfied, rewa rded and the team to be motivated to reach its full potentials. Forming and maintaining a cohesive and effective group Group cohesion is a phenomenon that determines how well a group holds together. When cohesion is strong, a group will remain stable and effective, but when it is weak, the group may fall apart. To build strong group cohesion is important for the leader to be able to get to know the group members individually so that he/she can tailor an appreciation message to each individual as needed. The next important attribute is for the leader to be sincere with his employees. He needs to praise his employees, one way or another – that could be done in private or in public, and not just once or twice, has to be consistent and more frequent. At the beginning of the forming of the group the leader has to set clear goals to his employees and to make sure that these goals don’t change somewhere half way through to the group work as it may derail the team. Once the goals are set, it is important to communicate with the team not through email or memos, but verbally where the leader can ask for feedback from the team members, exchange ideas in how to achieve the set goals. Here is the stage when the team roles are being set and clarified. For the team to continue its effectiveness, the employees will need the support from their leader. The leader needs to be approachable and supportive so the group members don’t feel alone. Providing a connection between the group goals and the company’s goal will make the group members accountable, they will feel more appreciated and important in the bigger picture not only as group members, but as individuals too. All the above factors are in the core of forming and maintaining a cohesive and effective group. A team that feels comfortable working together can have an energy that creates a positive environment and work ethic that can lift a team, making it more effective. This positive environment can make team members work harder, more efficiently and more productively. The influence of the different facilitation styles At heart facilitation is about the process of helping people to explore, learn and change. Our role, when facilitating, and as facilitators, is to help groups to work together respectfully and truthfully and to help them to explore and respond to certain issues and questions. The leader’s success depends on many factors, including the kind  of person he/she is,  his/hers values of management, his/hers self-confidence and competence, his/hers trust in  the team and how he/she copes with  stress. The manager’s chosen facilitation style depends on such factors. Many managers feel they are  expected to make the decisions, others feel they must get their teams involved. Some have confidence in their team; others mistrust them. Particular style of facilitation will work effectively when dealing with some people rather than others. There are three styles of facilitation: directive, co-operative and autonomous. Directive Style When leaders tell people what to do through a series of directives, they are using a directive style of leadership. Directive leaders are focused on outcomes and productivity. They are task-oriented and driven by the need to get things done. Directive leaders are not as concerned with the feelings and emotions of their followers as they are about meeting deadlines, hitting quota and reaching goals. There is not great deal of relationship-building found with directive facilitation style. With the directive style present the employees will not feel motivated and appreciated. Employees will feel pressured and soon will lose enthusiasm. The group will not have strong cohesion and will be less effective. If we look at the Douglas’ X and Y theory, we’ll see that the directive style would be more suitable for the X employees, but it won’t be effective for Y employees as they won’t respond. The directive style does not develop future leaders. Co-operative style Here the facilitator shares responsibilities with the group: the leader guides the group to become more self-directing in the various forms of learning by conferring with them. The leader prompts and helps group members to make a decision, to give meaning to experiences, to do their own confrontation, and so on. In this process, the leader shares own view which, though influential, is not final but one among many. Outcomes are always negotiated. The leader collaborates with the members of the group in devising the learning process: facilitation is co-operative. When the leader/manager uses the co-operative style the employees will feel valued and appreciated. They will want to make suggestions because they know that they will be listened to by the manager, hence they will be very motivated to perform to a high standard. The type of groups with a co-operative style leader will have very strong cohesion and will be highly effective. Team roles will be very clear within such groups which will lead to achieving the set goals. Future leaders will grow in such groups. When the goals are achieved and the group is no longer needed, there will be sadness of breaking the group. Autonomous style Here the leader/manager respects the total autonomy of the group: they do not do things for them, or with them, but give them freedom to find their own way, exercising their own judgment without any intervention on the leader’s part. This does not mean the abdication of responsibility; the leader just gives the individuals a space to determine their own learning. Unfortunately, such groups will feel that they are being left and will lack direction. The autonomous style grows future leaders, but can also suffer if group members are unqualified. Why it is important to be clear about the purpose and desired outcomes for the group? When group is formed, it is important that the leader clarifies the purpose and desired outcomes for the group. The employees will know what is to be expected from them. Then the group can engage openly and effectively discussing how the goals will be achieved. It is also the stage when the team roles are being created. At the end of the meeting we should have clear accomplishment. Analyse the importance of participant engagement in achieving group outcomes The most important thing is what the participants in the meeting have to say. The leader has to focus on how the meeting is structured and run to make sure that everyone can participate. The leader needs to make sure that everyone feels comfortable in participating, to allow everyone to be heard, to make sure that the members feel good about their contribution, to support everyone’s ideas and not criticising. If the leader follows the steps above the group members will feel empowered about their own ideas and participation. They will stay loyal to the company and will take on responsibilities and ownership. Conclusion From this brief overview we can see the significance of groups and why it is important to continuously develop them –from one side, to strengthen their potential and from the other, to help the development of their individual members. They are a fundamental part of human experience and  play a crucial role both in shaping and influencing individual lives and society itself. We saw how an effective group brings humans together and how an effective group gives birth to successful leaders. Humans always will be, as groups will be too. That makes the groups one of the most important factors of our lives. The more effective the group is, the more the quality of our lives will grow. How to cite Understand How Groups Develop and Function, Papers

Person Centered Care for Clinical Interventions - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePerson Centered Care for Clinical Interventions. Answer: Introduction: concept of person centered approach in care: Person centered care may be defined as the procedure by which healthcare professionals should think and perform tasks which would mainly portray patients as equal partners in development of plans, performing and also monitoring care with the help of different health as well as social services (Brooker and Latham 215). This framework of care mainly puts the patients as well as the family members to be in the central position of making decisions working along with the professionals. This framework of care mainly puts the patients desires, values, family situations and different social circumstances and lifestyles as the topmost priority. It believes in shared decision making with the patients and thereby helps people to manage their health (Entwistle and Watt 2013). The essay should mainly portray how practice development and person centered care are associated with quality care of patients and how both can be implemented to ensure safe practices. Overview of practice development: Previously the traditional practices expected patients to fit in with the practices, routines, rules of healthcare already set beforehand in the healthcare centers and in the social service centers. This is no more followed nowadays where the care is mostly person centered now. Different types of researchers have explained different aspects of person centered care which helps in providing a high quality care for the patient that in turn develops the quality of life of the patients (Brownie and Noncarrow 2013). This framework of care respects peoples values and thereby helps in putting people in the central position during the times of decision making so that the feel themselves to be include in their care. Such care also ensures taking into account the different preferences and expressed needs of the patients maintaining their dignity and autonomy. Moreover the professionals make sure that a team based approach is made so that all the requirements of the patients are handed by coordi nating and integrating care thereby working together. Professionals should make sure that there is proper communication of information with the patients and educating them to empower them with the best healthcare strategies (Evardsson, Sandman and Borrell 2014). This care also makes sure that that the patients are made physically comfortable and safe providing them with emotional support. Many researchers are also of the opinion that as this framework involves family and friends, it results in decreased stress among them as well as the patients for which there is increased cooperation which has positive effects on the service care delivery (Deewar and Nolan 2013). View put by researchers over practice development over the years: Researchers are of the opinion, that the term practice development has been associated with supporting modernization as well as organizational, service and also different quality improvements. However, above all these, practice development is mainly concerned with development of person centered approach. Many researchers are of the opinion that the sole aim of the practice development in this phase of time should be mainly focused on the development of a facilitative approach which would engage patients as well as different users in various changes for betterment like innovation through collaborative care, proper team working and partnership building (Bramley and Maitti 2014). Thereby practiced development can be broadly defined as the framework of development of skills and education for the healthcare professionals which would help in the continuous process of gathering knowledge and development of person centered cultures in the healthcare workplace. Such practice development is ma inly enabled by different facilitators who are able to successfully engage with different patients and also with teams effectively. These help individual professionals to blend personal qualities as well as different creative imaginations with the proper combination of practice wisdom and practice skills. The learning that occurs through practice development is helpful in bringing about huge transformation not only in individuals but also in different forms of team practices (Fossey et al. 2014). Both processes and outcomes are embedded in the corporate sustenance with proper sustenance. Researchers are of the opinion that the person is centered care uses the perfect practice development principles by incorporating the characteristics if inclusiveness, respect for each other and also valuing contributions by the establishment of social bonds and connections. Helpfulness of practice development in person centered care inittives: Critical social theory is been said by researchers to mainly underpin the entire concept of practice development. The concept mainly assumes that social structure as well as the collective culture is mainly helpful in shaping the society and also the community where individuals thrive. There arise many situations in the healthcare fields where cultures often require patients or professionals to participate completely in a proper mode of discussion (Kitson et al. 2013). This in its turn is found to be extremely helpful in developing decisions for the improvement of the patient care. Over the years, researchers have noticed that practice development methods usually help in allowing the professionals (participants) to participate successfully in various types for meaningful conversations not only about practice but also about the environment. These would help the professionals to understand, challenge and then change the culture to improve patient care. All these together are seen to pr ovide a greater opportunity to the professionals as they become active participants in knowledge generation and also in the continuous change process. This altogether leads to embedded cultural changes (Pulvirenti, Mcmillan and Lawn 2014). Factors that help to influence practice development: Researchers are of the opinion that development of quality health as well as social care services can only take place when a combination of certain societal as well as professionals and also professionals factors come in consideration. Each and every professional have to be aware of the different changes taking place in the present generations in healthcare so that they can correctly combine this knowledge and their applications while providing a person centered care (Taylor et al. 2015). Therefore practice development should involve the gathering of knowledge of the following components of change such as the rising patient as well as the client and carer expectations. Moreover increased dependency of those individuals who are accessing healthcare services and also various technological changes are needed to be known by the professionals. Moreover demographic changes in the society as well as various changes occurring in the care delivery systems are important components which need t o be grasped by the professionals. Moreover lack of public confidence is also affecting the reputation of healthcare industries and therefore professionals should aim to develop the confidence of public through practice development by following the correct approach of person centered care (McCormack and Dewing 2013). Moreover, threats of litigation as well as the increased demands of the patients and their family members for a greater degree of access to information also need to be noted by them. All these requirement need to be fulfilled by them for a better satisfaction of the patients and thereby providing a proper person centered care to them. Researchers have thereby advised that professionals should not be only satisfied with the knowledge that practice development helps in promoting excellence in healthcare service delivery. They should mainly try to understand the different target that the practice development tries to achieve. Some of the important targets that the practice development ensures is giving direction and allowing bench marking for the professionals who want to provide excellent care to patients. It also incorporates components like stimulation of the improvement of care along with that of the fostering audit and research while planning the care plan for service users (Felton and royal 2015). Moreover, this also helps in developing team approaches and helps in the engagement of the users in the service which has become one of the most important foundations of the main person centered approach. It also supports innovation and change and provides effective tools and techniques which are extremely helpful in enhancing the change. It also helps in the enhancement of the working environment as well as the culture of the organization and thereby offers a vehicle for sharing and also disseminating and networking purposes. These ultimately help in demonstrating different impacts of changes. In simple words, practice development can be defined as the bottom up approach which basically helps the professionals to review and thereby change the whole process mainly by putting the patient at the centre of the care process. Impacts of person centered care: Researchers have stated that the different positive impacts that person centered care at the heart of the practice envelopment have on the health of the patients are beneficial for their recovery. The knowledge and application of this type of care developed after practice development cases can help in the improvement of the experiences of the patients who undertakes care making them feel more satisfied (Kong et al. 2014). It also helps in the encouraging patients to lead a much better and healthy lifestyle which takes into account the benefits of exercising as well as eating healthy diets. Not only that, this type of care if applied properly will help in encouraging the patients to be more involved in their decisions about the care they are receiving. These would help the patients to get support and care which are appropriate for their needs. This care also provides a very positive impact on the health outcomes such as blood pressures and others. Researchers although not sure, has pu t forward a hypothesis that such acre may reduce the frequency of the services used by patients as the accurate care would be provided in first shot which will in turn cause reduction in the overall cost of the care (Hardiman and Dewing 2014). Moreover, one of the very interesting benefits of the care is that it makes the professionals highly satisfied themselves about the care which is provided to them. Initiatives to be taken in practice development: The main aims of the practice development that the professionals should incorporate in their routine schedules to achieve a person centered care are needed to be followed. The different initiatives that the professionals should take in the practice development sessions to prepare for person centered approach. The first one should be getting to know the service user as a person and thereby recognizing his individuality to be particular. An important mind set-up that needs to be prepared by the individual professional is seeing the patient as the expert in their own health and care. Proper using of power and maintaining of responsibility ethically and responsibly are extremely important for providing the best care to patients. Moreover, the professionals need to take a holistic approach for properly assessing the needs of the people and then providing a proper care according to requirements. The professionals should also incorporate families whenever appropriate so that autonomy and di gnity is maintained not only of the patients but also of the family members whenever so that they do not feel helpless and in turn feels empowered. The professionals should also make sure that each and every service they provide are accessible, flexible and should be also easy to navigate. They should first try to understand the patients whole experience of care so that they can promote coordination from the patient and thereby ensure continuity of the care provided to her (Fisher 2017). Moreover, the professionals should also make sure that the physical, cultural as well as psychosocial environment of health services are supporting the person centered care and if not proper arrangements are to be taken for providing the best care to patients. Moreover another very important feature that should be incorporated is that the staffs should make sure that they are supportive and should be well trained in communication and also striving to put the people at the center of care. Contributions of organization: Organizations should also take proper initiatives to ensure that the professionals get proper scope for practice development in order to instill person centered care in their practices. Among the various duties, they should ensure that professionals adhere themselves to the knowledge as well as skills and competency. They should ensure that the professionals take this as a part of the accountability and also maintain their roles and responsibilities which are outlined in their job description. Moreover the employers and leaders should also ensure that the professionals are also ensuring that they are providing ample supports in their decisions and actions with appropriate evidences. Moreover researchers have also stated that both the organization as well as the working professionals should pay importance to the practice development by mainly generating evidence from the practice so that they can be informed about the future innovations and changes throughout. They should focus on the provision as well as development of the quality care and also services with the patients and providers of the service. The organizations should also take initiatives for introduction of different ways to evaluate, capture, measure and also demonstrate the various impacts of the change of the patients as well as the measuring of the service and clinical outcomes. They would also ensure efficiency and effectiveness of the change of the individuals and also the teams and organizations. Moreover the organization should also make sure that they are providing enough scopes and opportunities to professionals to offer educations along with training to support innovations as well as changes. Important aspects essential for successful outcomes: Proper training about three important features need to be incorporated in the practice development session to assure the best outcome for the person centered approach. The first of the three aspects is effective teamwork. This should be maintained between all the important stakeholders like the users as well as the carers both externally as well as internally within the teams. The second important aspect that would ensure the success of person centered approach is that a multi professional collaboration is ensured (Carter, Greedy and Sidebotham 2015) This can be achieved by the involvement of the multidisciplinary team members including various ancillary team members. The third aspect is maintenance of effective communication. It mainly occurs between as well as within and across all the stakeholders who are themselves involved in innovation and also changes. Quality and skills to be harbored for successful outcomes: Researchers are currently working on the topic at a extensive range in order to identify the qualities and skills which are extremely important in person centered care and how different strategies that can be implemented during practice development to ensure uninterrupted care service delivery. Every professional should have qualities like being affective with proper energy, optimism, enthusiasm and having a proper outlook. Moreover they should have a proper vision which underpins different practice development activities helping in improvement or provide care through person centered approach (Kon et al. 2014). Thirdly, being motivated and empathic is extremely important to make the outcomes of practice development successful. Moreover being experiential is also important while the professionals should develop the ability for processing personally and thereby learning by going through different experiences and implementing strategies accordingly to maintain clinical relationships acc ordingly. Others skills involve the professionals to be more cognitive where they have the need to be creative in their problem solving approach in effective ways. Political awareness and being communicative helps the processionals to acquire and thereby process different information articulating arguments for making changes in practices. Also being clinically credible with peers is very necessary as without this, practice development activities and different changes can never be achieved. Conclusion: From the entire discussion above, it is well understood that practice development is a term which are used to describe particular approaches which helps professionals to provide support and also help in promoting changes in healthcare. The main focus of practice development is placed on developing a person centered care as this form of care is the new effective approach of treatment which not only cures patients but also empowers them in various ways. Valuing people and maintaining their autonomy should be learnt by them during their practice development sessions. Using proper life experiences and understanding proper relationship among stakeholders like patients and professionals are extremely important for effective outcomes. Moreover developing a proper working environment which is responsible of individual needs of the patients is also important. Often team work, multidisciplinary collaboration and effective communication strengthens the outcomes of person centered approach and h ence practice development should be ensured consisting all the important aspects which would help to provide the best care to patients. References: Bramley, L. and Matiti, M., 2014. How does it really feel to be in my shoes? Patients' experiences of compassion within nursing care and their perceptions of developing compassionate nurses.Journal of clinical nursing,23(19-20), pp.2790-2799. Brooker, D. and Latham, I., 2015.Person-centred dementia care: Making services better with the VIPS framework. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Brownie, S. and Nancarrow, S., 2013. Effects of person-centered care on residents and staff in aged-care facilities: a systematic review.Clinical interventions in Aging,8, p.1. Carter, A.G., Creedy, D.K. and Sidebotham, M., 2015. Evaluation of tools used to measure critical thinking development in nursing and midwifery undergraduate students: a systematic review.Nurse education today,35(7), pp.864-874. Dewar, B. and Nolan, M., 2013. Caring about caring: developing a model to implement compassionate relationship centred care in an older people care setting.International Journal of Nursing Studies,50(9), pp.1247-1258. Edvardsson, D., Sandman, P.O. and Borell, L., 2014. Implementing national guidelines for person-centered care of people with dementia in residential aged care: effects on perceived person-centeredness, staff strain, and stress of conscience.International Psychogeriatrics,26(7), pp.1171-1179. Entwistle, V.A. and Watt, I.S., 2013. Treating patients as persons: a capabilities approach to support delivery of person-centered care.The American Journal of Bioethics,13(8), pp.29-39. Felton, A. and Royal, J., 2015. Skills for nursing practice: Development of clinical skills in pre-registration nurse education.Nurse education in practice,15(1), pp.38-43. Fisher, M., 2017. Professional standards for nursing practice: How do they shape contemporary rehabilitation nursing practice?.Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association,20(1), p.4. Fossey, J., Masson, S., Stafford, J., Lawrence, V., Corbett, A. and Ballard, C., 2014. The disconnect between evidence and practice: a systematic review of person?centred interventions and training manuals for care home staff working with people with dementia.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,29(8), pp.797-807 Hardiman, M. and Dewing, J., 2014. Critical ally and critical friend: stepping stones to facilitating practice development.International Practice Development Journal,4(1). Kitson, A., Marshall, A., Bassett, K. and Zeitz, K., 2013. What are the core elements of patient?centred care? A narrative review and synthesis of the literature from health policy, medicine and nursing.Journal of advanced nursing,69(1), pp.4-15. Kong, L.N., Qin, B., Zhou, Y.Q., Mou, S.Y. and Gao, H.M., 2014. The effectiveness of problem-based learning on development of nursing students critical thinking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of nursing studies,51(3), pp.458-469. McCormack, B. and Dewing, D., 2013. A case study of practice development The Practice Development Journey. Chp 5 in McCormack, B., Manley, K. and Titchen, A.(Eds.)(2013) Pracfice Development in Nursing and Healthcare. Melnyk, B.M., Gallagher?Ford, L., Long, L.E. and Fineout?Overholt, E., 2014. The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(1), pp.5-15. Pulvirenti, M., McMillan, J. and Lawn, S., 2014. Empowerment, patient centred care and self?management.Health Expectations,17(3), pp.303-310. Rashid, A., Thomas, V., Shaw, T. and Leng, G., 2017. Patient and public involvement in the development of healthcare guidance: an overview of current methods and future challenges.The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research,10(3), pp.277-282. Taylor, J., Barker, A., Hill, H. and Haines, T.P., 2015. Improving person-centered mobility care in nursing homes: a feasibility study.Geriatric Nursing,36(2), pp.98-105. Taylor-Ford, R.L. and Abell, D., 2015. The leadership practice circle program: an evidence-based approach to leadership development in healthcare.Nurse Leader,13(2), pp.63-68. Woolf, S.H., Zimmerman, E., Haley, A. and Krist, A.H., 2016. Authentic engagement of patients and communities can transform research, practice, and policy.Health Affairs,35(4), pp.590-594.

Town Hero free essay sample

When the pager beeps and the fire whistle blows, my heart lurches as I jump into my bunker pants and whip on my turnout coat. My mind races and the adrenaline pumps through my veins. Will I be responding to a structure fire, motor vehicle accident, or an automatic alarm? I love the feeling of the oversized coat swallowing me as the lights flash and the sirens blare down the street. My dad was in the Deep River Fire Department when I was little. He was captain of the 5-5-3 fire engine and brought me to the fire house all the time. I was fascinated by the trucks and equipment. I watched the Memorial Day parades, my dad driving his truck down the street. He told me I could become a junior in the department when I turned 14. Although I was shy and quiet, I grew more comfortable and confident. We will write a custom essay sample on Town Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wanted to learn to dress the hydrant, screw the caps, add on the attachments and hose, and open the hydrant. I liked the force and entry drill using a halogen bar and an axe to pop a door open. My favorite training is search and rescue including going on air will the Scott tanks, and blinding ourselves. The men think it is wonderful for a girl to be in the fire department, I set a great example. I like to say, â€Å"What boys can do, girls can do better.† The summer I was 15, I attended the Connecticut Fire Academy for a week for. That week changed me. I became outgoing and social because I was in a place with people who had the same interest as I did. I also got the opportunity to operate the ladder truck. Two years later, I was specially selected to be part of the first ever Advanced Cadet Program at the academy. In my town’s department, I have made a huge impact. I am the first junior female president in the Deep River Fire Department. I received the Junior Fire Fighter of the Year in 2009 and received Junior Top Responder in 2010. Fire fighting is my family history and it runs in my blood. Being part of the fire department has made me a leader. I can take control. The juniors in the Deep River Fire Department have raised $1,300 of fundraising under my command. I can teach people with a power I never knew I had. I do not expect myself to choose the profession of a career fire fighter. My other talents should be used, but I will always have the time to give up my time to volunteer. I will always be a volunteer fire fighter no matter where I go or what I do. I am a town hero. My hope is to recruit other junior members because soon enough I will become a senior in the department. The juniors are the next generation. I love the firehouse because it is full of people I can call a family. Firefighting is about brotherhood and sisterhood.

Postmodernism in photography Essay Example

Postmodernism in photography Essay Example Postmodernism in photography Paper Postmodernism in photography Paper Postmodernism in photography and the notion of post-photography seen through a retrospective analysis of color implication in Evergons work. This research is inspired by an inject print Vegator Beach, Goa, India 2001, by Evergon and baised on Photography After Art Photography, an essay by Abigail Solomon-Godeau and a book by W. J. Mitchell Reconfigured Eye: The Visual Truth in The Post-Photographic Era Post Modernism : What does it mean? Rather than a style post modernism presented photographers with strategic options. To use it more self-consciously, exploring depictions of the body, for example, through contemporary social, economic, and political discourse. As a consequence, postmodernist photographers break into taboo subjects, representing for instance sexuality, (of children, of adolescents, gay men, .. ) A second postmodernist strategy is to exploit and embrace earlier styles in art, even styles condemned as artificial, and use them to make photography. (Pultz, John, Photography and the Body, The Orion PublishingGroup,London,1995(chapter6pp. 144-169). Postmodernism is a complicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as an area of academic study since the mid-80s. The problem with postmodernism is that it is hard to define because it is striving to be new all the time. How does it do this? It denies the any existence of the past but it re-uses it by deconstructing it into forms and pieces, which are unrecognizable. It is not only subject matter which is new it is also form. In order to achieve new forms it uses past by referring to previous styles, genres and forms that creates something original. Once it has been created it is no longer post-modern because it has become real, solid, it is no longer about the future it is about the past. Consequently, postmodernism is hard to define, because it is a concept that appears in a wide variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, photography, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and technology. Its hard to locate it temporally or historically, because its not clear exactly when postmodernism begins, but according A. Solomon-Godeau, talking about postmodernism in photography, we may take as a point of departure a Mirrors and Windows photo exhibit, organized by john Szarcovski in 1977, where within modern photography the idea of postmodernism came to the fore of the days of the issues of respective uses of photography, raised by Andy Warhool, Robert Ruchenberg and Ed Rusha. Those (postmodern) ideas actually encompassed photography and encouraged the mixing of other media with photography, allowing photographers to experiment with the medium and its possibilities, crossing borders and breaking down taboos in relation of art making. Those process of quotation, excerption, framing, and staging ( ) necessitate uncovering strata of representation stated A. Solomon-Godeau, in Photography After Art Photography essay, and as we can see it in Evergons early collages, Xerox color prints, Interlocking Polaroids, and large-format Polaroids.

The negative effects of illegal drug use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The negative effects of illegal drug use - Essay Example Almost one-quarter of these teenagers reported that they had participated in unprotected sex as a result of drug or alcohol use. It is important to note that alcohol is a powerful drug and illegal to minors putting it into the illegal drug category with respect to teenage use. Teens 14 and under who drink or use drugs are more likely to be having sex at double the rate of those in this age group that do not. High school teenagers that use alcohol are seven times more likely to have sex than their non-drinking peers. Older teens that drink are seven times as likely to have intercourse as non-drinking teens and those that use other drugs five times as likely. Drug and alcohol using teenagers are three and five times, respectively, more likely to have multiple sexual partners (Hartge, 1999). Teenagers experience more emotional fluctuations than do younger children or an adult which explains why the suicide rate is higher in that group. Teenagers that use drugs and alcohol are more likely to attempt suicide. According to a study of teenagers that attempted suicide, alcohol and drug abuse was the most frequently shared characteristic. Of the teenagers that took their own life, 70 per cent were frequent users of drugs and/or alcohol. However, current research does not demonstrate that drug and alcohol use actually instigates suicide, just that these behaviors are connected.   Teenagers that experience emotional problems to a higher degree than others have a greater propensity to consider suicide and to use drugs. (Shaffer et al, 1996). Illegal substances most frequently linked with drug-related fatalities include opiates such as heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and barbiturates. Alcohol, particularly when used in combination with harder drugs, is also linked with drug-related deaths. Cannabis and hallucinogens (i.e.

Theater Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theater - Article Example Alas!  There emerges an energetic, fresh and composed man dressed up in black overall, pair of trousers, and socks. His black Spanish cape sits firm and symbolic on his head. His hands clutched around his crotch as he walks majestically to center stage, staring at the ground a little worried. Behind him follows a nonchalant woman dressed up in a grey dress. The man takes a turn and stands on some pulpit looking at the sky in awe. The woman scales up the single staircase and sits comfortably on the traditional chair. Another man in white, gray official and tie emerges at the entrance, gently scrubs as he gazes at the entrance board. He then walks to center stage, stands there shortly. He turns to a second woman behind him. They approach each other with intense passion, almost kissing†¦, but then the woman withdraws and runs to the back of the stage as a group of elegantly dressed female dancers storm the stage. They go round the man and take positions on stage, start dancing ma rvelously after signal from the lady queen who sits on the staircase as the woman on the traditional chair comes up. The dance surges in intricate patterns. One dancer woes the official man to join the dance but he is adamant. Finally, the female dancers win him over. They sit down and watch as the man starts to dance alone impressively on

MEDICINE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

MEDICINE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example This paper discusses medicine management of Salbutamol. It starts by examining the legal and ethical frameworks in medicine management and administration in the UK and how they impact medicine management practices; it then discusses safe ordering, receiving, storage, administration and disposal of Salbutamol nebules. The paper then discusses drug management and administration in Patient Group Directions (PGD), this is done by explaining the meaning of PGD and the legal framework that establishes it before exploring the possibility of Salbutamol nebules being included as one of the PGD medications. Finally the paper examines self medication and points out some of its advantages to the whole process medicine management and administration. The legislative framework for medicines management and administration in the UK includes a number of legislations relating to the prescription, supply, storage, and administration of drugs (NHS, 2011). All practitioners including nurses and pharmacists have to comply with these pieces of legislation for the safety of patients as well as for general ethical conduct in the practice of medicine (Grifith, 2009). The control of medicines in the UK is carried out mainly through the Medicines Act (1968) and other related legislation in the country and in Europe. According to NMC (2008) administration of medicines is a significantly important aspect of the professional contract of nurses. The Nursing and Midwifery Council takes recognition of the fact that medicines management is a flexible practice as opposed to being performed in strict compliance with the instructions of the medical practitioners prescribing the drugs. The body recognizes the importance of drug administration being pract iced through professional judgement and though on the part of practitioners (NMC, 2009). Medicines management and administration is one of the areas that are affected by frequent errors and it is well recognized

Differences Between Terrorism And Organized Crime Criminology Essay

Differences Between Terrorism And Organized Crime Criminology Essay In this assignment, we will be analysing both security issues of terrorism and organized crime as national and international security threats. Terrorism and organised crime, both two different forms of criminal activity and an equal threat to human security. It is important that establish the precise definition of both these activities, so we can categorically differentiate each act committed. The definition of organized crime is widely debated term. Organized crime is generally focused mainly on economic profit, acquiring material benefits and obtaining as much of an illegal market share as possible, by the use of serious crimes such as Drug trafficking, fraud, violence etc. (Baylis J and Smith S (2001) p480-481) Whilst terrorism motivated chiefly by ideological aims and by a desire for political change, by the use of violence, in the form of hijacking, bombing and other indistrimintory acts. We can already see the difference, by looking at the definition. However as we do develop details of the differences between these criminal activities, it is also important to analyse the similarities. (Collins, A (2007) p352-353) Both Organized crime and Terrorism differ in motivation and objective. In Shelley, L and Picarelli, JT (2002), states Yet, while the crimes committed by these two groups dont differ in substance, they differ in motive. Terrorists are in essentially political groups; even if they are inspired by religious fundamentalism, their behaviour is designed to bring about political change. While organized crime groups conduct profit-driven criminal activities, through the use illicit and illegal means. Another interesting point, in which they both differ, mentioned by Schmid, A (2005) is Terrorist groups usually seek media attention; organized crime groups do not, Criminal organisation, do not directly attack infastrurer or indiscriminately attack normal citizens, like terrorism does, however there doings bring harm to those involved and create fear amongst people surrounded by there illegal activities. Therefore the magnitude of attack will be confined to small, domestic and under the radar attacks, whilst with terrorism when it blows ups, it is instant and devastating in its impact. Williams, P(2005) I believe that a criminal is not concerned with influencing or affecting public opinion; he simply wants to earn money in the quickest, easiest and most efficient way possible. Whilst, the essential aim of the terrorists violence is eventually to change the political system , about which the organised criminals, couldnt care less. However in some cases this is not true, Shelley, L and Picarelli, JT(2002) go on to discuss about organised criminals that direct contact with the political system and politicians who they seek to influence for their own goals. Phil Williams and Ernesto Savona (1995) gives us a excellent example that Colombian drug cartels and the Italian Mafia were both using terrorist attacks against the state and its representatives for four different reasons, disrupt investigations; to deter the introduction or continuation of vigorous government policies; to eliminate effective law enforcement officials, to coerce judges into more lenient sentencing policies. I believe fundamental is to create an environment more appealing to criminal activity. But this only can occur in weak countries, where the government is weak, which we will discuss later in the essay. Bjà ¶rnehed, E(2004) concludes that based on their objectives they Constitute quite different types of security threats with regard to magnitude of attack, choice of target and weapons. In summary they both have a common enemy, and that is the state in general and in particular its law enforcement agencies. Both types of criminals function in secrecy, in the underworld, and they use the same or similar infrastructures for their activities and the same networks of corruption. Both use the same type of tactics: they engage in cross-border smuggling, money laundering, counterfeiting, kidnapping, extortion and various kinds of violence. Narco-Terrorism, was the first identification of the link between Terrorism and organized crime. This discovery began in the 1980s when it was found that drug trafficking was also used to advance the political objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations, the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of government by the systematic threat or use of violence Bjà ¶rnehed, E(2004) Since then, much stronger and broader statements have been made, especially in Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) wherein the Council Notes with concern the close connection between international terrorism and transnational organized crime, illicit drugs, money-laundering, illegal arms-trafficking, and illegal movement of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially deadly materials.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Bjà ¶rnehed, E(2004) Emma Bjornehead has written a whole chapter on this topic because it is a relatively new phenomena and I believe it is relevant to this composition because it shows that Terrorism and Criminal activity have found a common ground. Various authors keep referring to more or less the same examples, where this new phenomena is occurring. For example Hezbollah engaged in criminal schemes, such as cigarette smuggling, counterfeiting. Al-Qaeda cells in Europe conducting credit card fraud. We see it domestically happening in countries such as Colombia and Afghanistan where opium produces are funding Taliban, to carry out there war against US forces. Williams, P(2005) describes terrorist, using criminal organisation methods to raise funds for their activities as very dangerous. This reliance between each other makes it difficult and a bigger domestic and international security threat because they can share their tangible and intangible resources, to achieve their objectives. Giraldo, J and Trinkunas (2005) puts simple. They try to uncover whether it is a strategic alliance formed by these group, or is it simple marriages of convenience. For example, the language school that provided some visas for the 9/11 hijackers are also reported to have provided visas for prostitutes of a human trafficking ring. This indicates sharing networks, each could complement each other therefore making it easier to carry out objectives. An intelligence analyst even describes it as criminal service providers. This means that both in criminal organisations, due to their established networks, act as service provider for terrorists, so they can carry out their terror activities. Another good point made is that this increased self-reliance of terrorist networks makes criminal organisations difficult to detect, especially as they are both bound by secrecy. The Madrid bombing are a great example, Future-occurred in Spain where members of a small but well-established Moroccan drug trafficking organization led by Jamal Ahmidan, became radicalized and were subsequently integrated into the cell that carried out the Madrid bombings. The contribution of the radicalized drug traffickers is difficult to overestimate: they provided the finance, the logistics, the safe houses, and the connections that enabled the cell to acquire the explosives. Indeed, without their resources and expertise, it is unlikely that the attacks on the trains would have taken place, and certainly not on such a destructive scale. Williams, p(2009) This example so shows that both organisations are sharing its man power and those criminals are venerable to being radicalized, like shown above. It can also be seen as method of attracting people with two personality types: one with strong political views, coupled with a desire to become wealthy. In summary that they cross paths; give in to one another which make them reliant on each other. Organized crime can use the power tool of political crime to create the social and economic context that makes its profitable activities viable. Terrorists, on the other hand, need funding to push their own agendas. . Due to the coordination between the two, an integrated counter-terrorism and organised crime should be implemented, to dissolve the creation of a strengthen connection. Law enforcement agencies have to approach this in a different angle because the traditional separate policing of organised crime and terrorism, do not apply. After 9/11, steps have been taken to increased cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence agencies that police domestic and international matters. I can see the huge benefits that increasing the cooperation can bring. The sharing of information on both sources of threats enables governments to penetrate these secret groups and prevent crimes from being perpetrated. Also breaking down one criminal organisation, can lead to discovering other terrorist organisations at the same time, therefore increasing their leads. However according to Bjornehead, E(2010) states that at times war on organised crime, in particular drugs, can sometimes undermine the war on terror. She one of many examples, that of Taliban and how a reduction is poppy field in Europe, increased the price of opium, which Taliban made huge gains, which is helped fund their terror organisations. Questions need to be raised on which one is a bigger domestic threat, politicians may believe terrorism is a threat as they want direct change in governance and how that government acts, for example USA I believe has a stronger stance and policy on terrorism, rather than organised crimes. Whilst organised crimes havent got a direct objective against the political system, it might be the case that for individuals in society that due to its hidden, secretive nature that criminal organizations themselves, pose a threat to society that goes far beyond the harm posed by the profit-driven crimes they commit. Collins, A (2007) We can also see this in a poll in an 11 countries that was conducted showing that what people feared, and the highest was Criminal activities with 27%, whilst terrorism was third with 15%. Human security centre (2005) There a continuous argument in US about what poses a bigger threat US security. Recent Barack Obama states that The single biggest threat to US security, both short-term, medium-term and long-term, would be the possibility of a terrorist organisation obtaining a nuclear weapon. However In a many recently, Antonio Maria Costa, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), recent stated that Drug-related crime biggest threat to public safety in the Americas. This is also backed up by Retiring CIA chief Michael Hayden Mexico could rank alongside Iran as a challenge for Obama perhaps a greater problem than Iraq. UN news centre(2008) I believe this could be due to drug cartels domince in Mexico, and due it the geography and globalization; it has been spilled in the street of US. Williams, P, (2008) Another difference is Terrorism is a bigger point of discussion in the wider world due to the fact that they seek media attention and not shy to hide its terror activities, Whilst Organized crime is very secretive and behind closed doors. Hence why it is people may perceive it to be a bigger threat. After the post cold war era, there was a huge shift from in national security threats, from communism, to terrorism and organised crime. What the fall of communism did, was not only did it leave eastern countries, lawless and poor, it left it venerable to radical ideologies and organised crime, including what we call globalization. I also believe that ideological terrorism has severely since the cold war, and a new breed of ethnic and religious inspired terrorism. Collins, A (2007) p356 I a published paper by Stephens, M (1996) on globalized crime, and describes why organised crime was on the rise after the Cold war era and in summary; Post-Cold War opportunities such as the lowering of economic and political barriers; the end of communist regimes and the founding of fragile new democracies. Stephens, M(1996) A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division,Library of Congress(2003) discusses areas on the world that are venerable to organised crime and terrorism, and states that in reference the In the former Soviet states, progress toward the rule of law has been hindered by the sudden disappearance of national authority (the Soviet state) in areas having no individual tradition of state authority or civil society but having very well developed traditions of underground criminal activity. Federal Research Division(2003) Both types of organizations lean to enlist the majority of their members from the same pool of an insignificant sector of the population, which are subject to social, cultural or political frustration. This is backed up by Rosenau(1990), Galleotti (2001), Cusimano-Love (2003), and Castells (2000) who have compared transnational crime and terrorism as malicious non-state actors that take advantage of failures in the state-centric global system, such as the limitations of sovereignty, legal jurisdictional boundaries and the opportunities that failed or weak states create for safe havens. As much as globalization ha s been beneficial for many nation states, it has also been disastrous in reference to Organised crime and terrorism, which Williams, p(2002) describes as a motivator and facilitator., opening a way for transnational activity. In this era of accelerated global interaction, transnational organized crime and international terrorism are flourishing. In Baylis, J and smith, s(2005), James D kiras writes has a whole chapter dedicated towards to Terrorism and globalisation, he writes the technology and processes linked with globalization have enabled terrorism to grow from regional phenomenon, into a global one. He also means that the use of Globalization has also lead to changes in the means of conducting terrorism and organised crime. For example in Freedman (2002) Prior to 11 September 2001 most acts of terrorism had depended on the conventional explosives. And then compares it to current situation where the ability to mount simultaneous attacks, commitment and choice targets, using aircraft as guided missiles. I believe that globalisation has a part to play in this change because it has opened up the world. The borders have faded or are no longer as well guarded, the market is globalized, financial and commercial mergers and the deregulation of state intervention provide new opportunities, and communication technology is presenting unexpected innovative technological possibilities. I also believe globalization has spread national crime to international organised crime because large-scale migration across the globe has created new emigrant refugee communities that can serve as recruitment bases and as hiding places, especially as they live a poor lifestyle, they have no alternatives, apart from turning to crime. Organised crime actors share the same objective as legal corporations in a sense that In a increasingly global marketplace, illicit actors, like licit counterparts, take advantage of business opportunities wherever they occur. For organised crime, going across borders, increases their wealth and profit just as it does for legal businesses, as they have new customers and can take advantage of infrastructure to cover their illegal activities. An example used in Collins, A (2007) was after the creation of North American free trade area, trade grew in the billions, and however it was this area, thrived in reference to aid smuggling of illegal goods and drugs. There have been political and economic developments have brought terrorism and organized crime together. There are also clear structural similarities that would appear to make alliance beneficial for both of them and I believe that it is case of marriage of convenience, rather than long term strategic alliance. Collins, A (2007p 361) It is becoming a huge aspect of security, that both organised crime and terrorism are flourishing over one another, and in particular terrorist groups are rely on crime to fund their operation, and criminal expertise is become available to terrorist groups. I believe that in this day of age, where the world become evermore globalized, any security threat that is national, ends up spilling over the borders, and becoming a international problem. Schmid, A(2005) Links between Terrorism and Drug Trafficking: A Case of Narco-terrorism? Galleotti, M. (2001) Underworld and Upperworld: Transnational Organized Crime and Global Society, In Josselin, D. and Wallace W. (Eds.). Non-State Actors in World Politics, Palgrave: New York, pp. 203-17. Ciment, JD and Shanty FG(2008) Organized Crime: From Trafficking to Terrorism, Volume 1, ABC-Clio, Califonia Berry, V. et al(2003) Nations hospitable to organized crime and terrorism[online] Available from: http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Nats_Hospitable.pdf [Accessed May 2010]. Shelley, L and Picarelli (2001) Methods Not motives: Implications of the convergence of international organized crime and terrorism [online] Available from: http://www.law.syr.edu/Pdfs/0methods_motives.pdf.[Accessed May 2010] Stephens, Mora(1996) Global organized crime as the threat to national security [online] Available from: http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/snyder/globalcrime.htm. .[Accessed May 2010] Williams, P(2009) Strategy for a New World: Combating Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime. In Balyis, J(eds.) Chapter 9 Bibes, P(2001) Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism.Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 17, Sage Publications Bjà ¶rnehed, Emma(2004) Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror, Global Crime, 6: 3, 305 324, Routledge, London Kiras, JD(2001) Terrorism and Globalization. In Baylis, J and Smith, S(eds.) The Globalization of work politics: An introduction to IR, Chapter 21, Oxford, Oxford university press. Lutz, B and Lutz, J(2007) Terrorism. In Collins, A (eds.) Contemporary security studies, 2nd edtion, chapter 20, Oxford, Oxford University press. Lutz, B and Lutz, J(2007) Transnational crime. In Collins, A (eds.) Contemporary security studies, 2nd edtion, chapter 25, Oxford, Oxford University press.

Yeats’ Leda and the Swan and Van Duyns Leda Essay -- Leda Swan Essays

Yeats’ Leda and the Swan and Van Duyn's Leda  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In Greek mythology, Leda, a Spartan queen, was so beautiful that Zeus, ruler of the gods, decided he must have her. Since immortals usually did not present themselves to humankind in their divine forms, Zeus changed himself into a great swan and in that shape ravished the helpless girl (Carey 58-59). Both William Butler Yeats and Mona Van Duyn base their poems "Leda and the Swan" and "Leda," respectively, on this story of a "mystic marriage." Yeats' focus on the sexual act itself, along with his allusions to Leda's progeny, manifest a grave and terrifying tone. While he raises Leda to a status similar to that of Mary, mother of Jesus, Van Duyn portrays Leda as a universal mother. By making both figures, Leda and Zeus, ordinary, she gives a "surprising twist" (Greiner 337) to the original myth, emphasized by her witty tone. In addition, whereas Yeats suggests that Leda has gained something from her encounter with Zeus, Van Duyn asserts that she has gained nothing, portray ing women in general as primarily objects of men's satisfaction. Yeats begins his poem by concentrating on the mere depiction of the rape scene. Words such as "beating, dark, helpless," and "terrified" provide this violent act of intrusion with negative connotations. The victim, Leda, is helpless against the power of the aggressor, Zeus, and terrified by his actions. Recalling the original Greek myth, Yeats clearly shows Leda's resistance at every step ("staggering girl," "helpless breast," "terrified vague fingers push"). Zeus' relationship with Leda parallels human interaction in general with either Satan or God. In Christianity, the prevailing religion of Yeats' time, pious men attempt to push away ... ...f violence, and underlying religious motif. Overall, Yeats instills fear into the reader, while Van Duyn elicits an occasional laugh; however, both poems are equally effective, one for its religious message and the other for its man bashing.    Works Cited    Barnhart, Clarence L. and Robert K. The World Book Dictionary. Chicago:Doubleday, 1985.    Carey, Gary. Cliffs Notes on Mythology. Lincoln: C.K. Hillegass, 1973. Greiner, Donald J. "American Poets since World War II." Dictionary of LiteraryBiographies. Detroit:Doubleday, 1980.    Heaney, Seamus. The Redress of Poetry . New York: Noonday, 1995.    Magill, Frank N. Critical Survey of Poetry. Engelwood Cliffs: Salem Press, 1982. Vol. 7 "Torah: The Five Books of Moses." Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1985.      

Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil by Claude Monet

Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil The following is an analysis and an interpretation of Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. This oil on canvas painting can be found in the High Museum of Art. Claude Monet, the artist of this piece painted this in 1873, right as the Impressionism Movement was beginning. Monet played the important role of one of the founders of the Impressionism Movement with his works like Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil is from a series of paintings that Monet did while in Argenteuil. In the artwork Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, the lighting used throughout the painting, brushstroke techniques, perspective, and color all play an important role in the piece, as well as in the Impressionism Movement. Impressionist artists attempted to capture candid shots of their subjects outdoors showing the effects of sunlight on different objects at different times of day. Claude Monet was no exception to this statement. Like in Claude Monet’s Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun) (Garnier, 824), sunlight is an important part in scene created in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, though is not the real subject of the piece like it is in Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun). In Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, Claude Monet used darker hues of the colors to capture the light and the absence of light throughout the painting. The sun itself cannot be seen, but the intensity of the colors orange, yellow, white, green, and red throughout the tree suggest that there is some sunlight present. The sky is spotted with clouds almost to the point where you can’t see the sky, but there is some blue still seen through the clouds. Monet was obviously wanting to capture the essence of the Autumn season, and did so with the right use of lighting that would not have been possible without the brushstrokes Monet used. The brushstrokes that are used throughout a painting can help classify what movement the painting may have came out of. Impressionist painters created a distinctive short, choppy brushstroke to create better lighting. In painting Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, Monet uses this technique all over the canvas. At close inspection, the colors red, white, yellow and blue placed side by side looked unintelligible as they are placed throughout the trees on the left side of the painting. At a distance, however, the colors begin to mix into different variations of orange, green, yellow, white, blue, and red, making the palette more interesting. This technique is used on the entire painting. The water’s reflection of the trees uses the same technique. Like in Claude Monet’s first major Impressionism painting, Impression: Sunrise (Garnier, 823), the painting Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil also uses the brushy strokes. Both use a body of water’s reflection in the piece, making the water itself more interesting, and giving Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil perspective. The technique most artists use to project an illusion of the three-dimensional world onto a two-dimensional surface is called perspective. Objects are painted smaller the farther away from the audience is supposed to be, and are painted bigger the closer the audience is supposed to be. A vanishing point is helpful in creating perspective. This technique helps to make up a sense of depth in a piece of art. In Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, perspective is created by the body of water that is in the foreground of painting. This body of water is going off into the distance in which you cannot see it’s end. In the background, there are buildings that are barely visible, making them appear to be farther away. This technique draws the audience’s eye to the center of the piece, perhaps at the building that is set of into the distance. Color has value, hues, and intensities that differ from piece to piece. Color can also be broken down into color schemes. Color is always a very important part to any work of art. Impressionism painters usually only used the primary colors blue, red, and yellow in their works, like Monet did in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. They did this so they could place the primary colors side by side to create secondary colors like the greens and oranges seen in the trees in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. This technique was used because Impressionists believed that color is not a permanent characteristic and changes due to weather, lighting, or reflection, which is true in this painting as the leave are all changing colors. The color of the water in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil effects the colors of the reflections of the trees, boats, and buildings very little. Impressionism paintings have an overall luminosity because the painters avoided blacks and earth colors. Shadows in the painting are composed of many complimentary colors, like on the sides of the boats on the left side of the water in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil by Claude Monet was interesting and very tranquil to analysis and an interpret. This oil on canvas painting can be found in the High Museum of Art, but was originally painted in 1873 in France, right as the Impressionism Movement was beginning. Monet played the important role of one of the founders of the Impressionism Movement with his works like Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. In the artwork Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, the lighting used throughout the painting, brushstroke techniques, perspective, and color all play an important role in the piece, as well as in the Impressionism Movement. Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil is an amazing work of art that will not soon be forgotten by its many adoring fans.