Disaster Preparedness & Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disaster Preparedness & Response - Essay Example This phase also tries to minimize the effects of disasters. Because of this, they are not dealing with the disaster directly, and have time to make long term plans and programs that are best suited for them to carry out. These plans include things such as making building and zoning codes, which this phase is mot adept for because of the time they have not during the crisis to plan out these codes. You wouldn't send in a quick recovery team to try to figure out planning codes. This phase is also best for planning out and figuring out which areas are vulnerable to disaster, and analyzing this data and figuring out what can best be done about it. And lastly, the Migation Phase can best handle public education, as they have the time when there isn't a disaster going on to help educate the public about emergencies. The Preparedness part of the cycle is just as important, but can best handle its own inner workings. If is best left to making the preparedness plans, as they are going to be the ones using them and putting them into action. They are also the best to handle the warning systems, as they know how to best set up a system that can be ready to go and prepared to help people if an emergency is to happen. The Response Team has its own activities that it is best at.

The Current State Economy Essay Example for Free

The Current State Economy Essay It is known that the economy is intensively damaged and that it needs to be restructured. The current fiscal policy that are in place are good, but measures must be taken to avoid a crash of the market, get the unemployment rate down, and stimulate the economy in the hopes of increasing the gross domestic product and bringing about a surge in the aggregate demand. Although it may take some time for all of these events to take place, this is what needs to be done to get the economy to rise. The consumers and government must also do their parts in order for this economy to rise above the recession it is in now. The primary root cause of the current recession and economic crisis is largely in part due to the huge increase in the issuance of subprime adjustable-rate mortgages and the collateralized debt obligations that they made up. The amount of subprime mortgages issued in 2005 and 2006 increased drastically, while the issuance of prime mortgages actually decreased. Basically, banks loaned money to people who would obviously default on those loans. People bought houses with these loans expecting housing prices to increase, but that didn’t happen. Although, this was the route caused it is not the only reason we continue to be in a poor state. Below you will find the over view of our current economy. The current economy expanding or contracting is contracting. Our current prime rate is 3.25% The current interest rate on credit cards is 15.4% The current unemployment rate is 9% (2011 est.) and 9.6% in (2010 est.). The unemployment, youth age 15-24 total 17.6% that includes male 20.1% and female 14.9%(2009). The current inflation rate is CPI measures inflation rate 2%. The current Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are: GDP (purchasing power parity) $15.04 trillion (2011 est.), $14.82 trillion (2010 est.) $14.38(2009 est.). The data are in 2011 US dollars.

Triple Bottom Line Reporting on Corporate Sustainability

Triple Bottom Line Reporting on Corporate Sustainability In this paper we explore the concept of triple bottom line reporting and its use in gauging the level of corporate sustainability. The concept of triple bottom line reporting is shown to be effective in ensuring that the corporate sustainability concerns are addressed and business takes account of the outcomes. This is done using a review of relevant literature in order to point out the success factors as well as the threats that face TBL reporting programs. Introduction The contemporary corporate environment and culture has been steadily leaning towards the increasing need of higher levels of transparency and accountability in regard to public reporting as well as communication. This is a trend that demands for increased disclosure of the nature and level of corporate performance and engagements in matters of social-economic and environmental dimensions (G100 2003).In a nutshell, the public is in need of information regarding the level of sustainability in which various corporations engage in. In order to gauge the level of sustainability, it is important that a standard of reporting be adopted. Triple Bottom Line reporting is one of the techniques of reporting sustainability. The definition of TBL reporting A standard definition of triple bottom line reporting does not exist. This therefore means that no universally accepted definition exists. It can loosely be defined as the a form of corporate communication which engages stakeholders and holds the key to the corporations accepted approach to the management of social, economic and environmental dimensions via clearly instituted communication channel that provides information on the above mentioned three dimensions (G100 2003). The elements of social, economic and finally the environmental dimensions in an organization are what constitutes sustainability/sustainable development.TBL can therefore basically be used to refer to the official publication of social, economic and environmental information of a given business entity in a manner that is integrated to reflect both the activities as well as the results of a corporations performance on the basis of the three dimensions. The factors driving the general trend towards the adoption of TBL reporting There are quite a number of factors that are driving corporation towards the adoption of TBL reporting. Some of these factors are; mandatory requirements, the need to be consistent with the high level of public vigilance on the corporate code of behavior, and the increase in the level of stakeholder requirement for high level of transparency as well as results. The idea of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) reporting has in the previous years become progressively more stylish in organizations; consulting firms, investment firms, and also the NGOs extensively employ it in the management of their operations. The thought lies behind the TBL model is that a firms final can be gauged not merely by the customary financial end result, but again by its social, moral as well as ecological performance. For quite a long time, the majority individuals who are both in the corporate world and outside have come to an agreement that organizations are required by the stakeholders to perform their tasks responsibly. Firms are not capable of flourishing in the long run when they constantly ignore the interests of the main stakeholders. The evident uniqueness of TBL is lying in the contention of its supporters that the general accomplishment of responsibilities to the society, workers, clients, and suppliers ought to be calculated, reviewed and the information provided to the stakeholders the same way that the financial results of public corporations is being conducted. If we strongly believe that moral practices of the business and also social responsibility are significant purposes of corporate authority and administration, then we ought to accept the efforts to come up with tools that are capable of making much clearer to the administrators, shareholders besides the other stakeholders how well a corporation is performing in this regard. This paper looks at the usefulness of TBL, the advantages of socially responsible practices by the businesses, and the probable effectiveness of tools that are capable of being used to assess and report on performance. Triple bottom line reporting is making firms liable for not only economic and social effects but also for environmental results of doing businesses. Indeed it is an accepted accounting form for the nonprofit organizations and also the governmental organizations to demonstrate their dedication to corporate social responsibilities. To these firms, both the ecological and also social performance also significant the way financial performance is important. The concept of triple bottom line reporting was originally applied by John Elkington in the year 1995. He published a book concerning this topic in the year 1998. The book was entitled Cannibals with Forks: the Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. Indeed, Triple bottom line reporting has got drive in all sectors and industries and not for the not for profit making organizations and also for government organizations as it has been presumed. As stated above, the term triple bottom line was supposedly invented by John Elkington in the year 1995 (Sarre Treuren 2001) despite the fact that it was not made popular until the book that he published became widespread in the year 1997. The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is an idea that has got authorized imprimatur as a structure to give confidence to the organizational concerns regarding sustainability. Despite the fact that at first it was viewed as a mere idea or a method of thinking about sustainability, similar to the notion of corporate social responsibility, it has now become a device for both accounting and reporting. Other authors are arguing that Triple Bottom Line is essentially imperfect in the things it is offering, and besides, they are saying it is transmitted by proponents who are mainly uninformed of the other approaches that are in existence. The Function of Triple bottom line reporting Triple bottom line reporting needs the corporations to socially be responsible to both the shareholders and also to every stakeholder of the respective firms. Stakeholders usually entail all the shareholders, workers, clients, goods and services providers and any other person who is influenced by the events and proceedings of the business. It is demanding that a firm be liable for all the aspects of the business. The Benefits of Triple bottom line reporting The social feature of triple bottom line reporting is focusing on reasonable treatment of a firms human resources. in addition to the provision of a safe place of work and also reasonable salary for workers, being responsible socially involve performing responsible and helpful business practices in the community the surrounds the business. Triple bottom line reporting is requiring a corporation to be involved in sustainable ecological activities. Corporations and firms ought to put great efforts to conserve the surroundings, or to significantly minimize the harm that they are inflicting on to the surroundings. A corporation using triple bottom line reporting is capable of managing the utilization of energy, minimizes waste, recycles resources and also shuns the production of very dangerous substances like chemicals and weapons. The Significance of Triple bottom line reporting When a business appears to be both socially and environmentally responsible to its clients, it will be capable of maximizing the profits that it is making. It is very common situation to see many companies making headlines because of being involved in accounting scandals, giving their workers very unjust salaries, unsafe work conditions and prejudice. All these reports are affecting the reputation of the firms that are involved besides their goodwill, thereby resulting into the lost of many revenues. Also, focusing on more things just profits can help a company open market potential that was unattainable before. Companies may also lose market share to other competing businesses that are utilizing triple bottom line reporting because they appear more socially responsible to consumers. TBL is capable of making a firm to reach the untapped market. Indeed TBL firms are capable of finding niches that are financially profitable, and which were previously missed by the firms when their driving force was money only. TBL is capable of developing highly profitable ways to aid the NGOs that are in existence with their missions like fundraisings, getting to the customers, or generating networking opportunities with other numerous NGOs.It is also capable of providing goods and services which will be of great use to the populations that are languishing in poverty. It is capable of making businesses to become familiar with new business ventures. Due to the fact that numerous business opportunities are coming up in the sphere of social entrepreneurship, the businesses that are having hopes of reaching this growing market have to prepare themselves of being profitable financially, socially helpful and economically sustainable or else they will not be able to compete with the firms which are not designing themselves that way. For instance, just trade and ethical Trade firms need moral and sustainable practices from every supplier providing them with goods and services. Any businesses that are having plans of working with the firms that are dealing in just Trade or moral Trade have to design the models of their business to become TBL. Firms usually issue TBL reports mainly for two purposes: to meet the demands of the investors and also to be recognized for the actions that the firms do. For instance, firms like Shell and Nike have in the past applied this kind of reporting to enable them restore the reputations of their firms after having received negative exposure for inefficient ecological and social decisions Tschopp (2003) Firms are usually being scrutinized both by the media coverage and public watchdog groups. It is an undeniable fact that the individuals who are capable of ensuring that their firms have good reputations in environmental conservation and social policies will have to succeed. Those ignoring responsibilities as such will probably fail Tschopp (2003) Firms are also capable of getting financial advantages from TBL reporting. The firms will be able to get attention from the new investors. Similarly, they will trap new employees as they maintain their current workers. TBL reporting permits transparency of a firms environmental and social undertakings, limitations, and goals of the years to come. Firms that are striving for success are capable of meeting eligibility standards and they can be members of some environmental and social funds. When the firms fail to achieve the requirements, their stock performance can be hindered (Tschopp 2003). Triple bottom reporting has been shown to have several benefits. The first on is that it improves the reputation of an organization. It also has a positive influence on the brand name of the firm as well as its products. The reputation of a corporation is a function of the manner in which it is perceived by the stakeholders. Having an effective method of communicating with the stakeholders on the social, economic and environmental dimensions can act very well in changing the perceptions of the stakeholders and in the process improving the reputation of the corporation. The other benefits of TBL reporting are that it aids the corporation to openly operate in the society. In this context, it acts as a sort of a license to enable the business to operate freely by the virtue of the support, acceptance and acknowledgement that it receives from the stakeholders. The transparency in communication and accountability in actions are what makes it possible for the corporations to be granted the license to operate. The rest are outlined below Through the integration of sustainability into the business models and thinking, firms are capable of realizing these seven bottom line benefits: It will be very easy to hire the best employees. Researchers are estimating that the highly significant corporate resource after 20 years for any organization is usually talented workers. Majority of them usually pay great concentration to corporate social responsibilities and also to the environmental behavior of the firms for which they are working. TBL results into greater withholding of the top talents. It is very challenging for firms to keep their most talented and most skilled workers in the present market that is characterized by a lot of competition. Studies are however showing that the skilled workers usually tend to continue staying with a firm when they are having meaningful work. TBL is also capable of maximizing the productivity of the workers. There is a big connection that exists between important job and productivity. The managers of organizations should involve the whole firm in sustainable growth goals such as zero emissions, independent energy production, and no d isposal of waste and helping in the conservation of environment, the firm will get much more back from the workers. Enhancement of reputation and brand Efficient communication with the shareholders and also the stakeholders on one or more dimensions of TBL is capable of playing a significant role in the management of the perceptions of the stakeholders. This will not only protect but also enhance the corporate reputation of the firms. Securing a social license to operate Having a good reputation, the members of the community and the stakeholders will strongly support the operations of the organization. The surrounding communities will probably provide more support to the firms because they are communicating openly and besides, they are honest about the performance of the firms in relation to environment factors, social factors and also to economic factors. Attraction and retention of high caliber employees Through the publication of the information regarding TBL, the information is capable of playing a significant role in positioning the employer as the employer to work with. This is capable of enhancing worker loyalty, reducing turnover and also capable of attracting skilled workers. Reduced risk profile During TBLs reporting, firms usually indicate their obligation to minimize risk. This usually takes place during the times of growing legal action, where owed diligence is capable of being established and a firm comes up with risks, the risks can be managed better. Consecutively this is capable of advancing the relations of the stakeholder and hence makes it simpler to draw investment capital and consequently positively influence the price of the shares. Identification of potential cost savings TBL reporting is involving the assortment and scrutiny of information on resource, the usage of materials and the evaluation of business processes. This is capable of actually helping the firms to identify the opportunities that are present for savings of costs through effective and efficient allocation of both resources and materials.TBL is accompanied by minimized expenses at the commercial sites .numerous unnecessary waste usually happen at the non-manufacturing areas. Through the employment of more sensible handling of wastes, effectiveness of energy, conservation of water and naturalized landscaping (Ann 2003) Reduced risk, easier financing Firms that are showing both the environmental and social responsibility always is likely to be seen as less dangerous. That is capable of translating into the avoidance of cost, minimized insurance premiums, minimized official and regulatory costs, and evasion of missing revenue from customer crusader actions (Ann 2003). The desirable qualities of a TBL report. A good TBL report has the following qualities and characteristics. Reliable- a good TBL report should be accurate and should provide information that is true regarding the activities as well as performance of a given corporation. The report should be useful meaning that the information contained should have a high level of relevance to the stakeholders (both internal and external ) the information should be relevant to the corporate decision making process. The TBL report should exercise and exhibit full disclosure meaning that the content should have open explanations. The report should be reproducible in order to allow for the ongoing publishing of the information contained for the purpose of reporting in the future. The report should have a high level of auditability. This means that the report should be having the quality of being able to be verified externally (G100 2003). The challenges that affect the use of TBL reporting Angela Lewis Consulting (n.d) pointed out that the two main problems facing the use of TBL reporting are that it lacks a universal method of gauging/measuring its success. The implication of this is that there is no social, economic, environmental or ethical equivalents of assets, liabilities, equity, expenses and revenue. The other one is that there is no numerical method of accurately describing consumer, environmental or community benefits. Rafiq (2010) pointed out that the other challenges to TLB reporting are informal corporate culture, lack of understanding by the top management, lack of human resources capacity, Lack of support from the government and other development agencies, resistance by privately listed firms to reveal their financial information, resource constraints that affect SMEs and a general lack of public service orientation. Conclusion Despite the challenges affecting TBL reporting, extant literature reveal that it is indeed a success since it has its benefits outweighing the challenges. It is therefore crucial that all firms embrace TBL reporting since it pays to be social responsible. . Referencing Angel Lewis Consulting,n.d. The Triple Bottom Line Explained: http://www.angelalewis.com.au/publ/The%20Triple%20Bottom%20Line%20Explained.pdf Anne,P, A. 2003. The Sustainability Advantage: Seven Business Case Benefits of a Triple Bottom Line. (Book Review).CMA management. John Elkington,J. 1997 Cannibals With Forks: The Triple. Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. Capstone,. Oxford,402 pp. ISBN 1-900961-27-X G 100, 2003.Sustainability:A guide to triple bottom reporting http://www.group100.com.au/publications/G100_guide-tbl-reporting2003.pdf Rafiq, M .2010. Major Challenges for TBL Reporting in Pakistan http://www.tbl.com.pk/major-challenges-for-tbl-reporting-in-pakistan/ Sarre, R. Treuren, G. 2001. The triple bottom line: balancing social, environmental and financial outcomes in business (paper prepared for the South Australian Business Vision 2010) (on-line resource) http://business.unisa.edu.au/cae/tbl/tbldownloadables/sabv2010fin.rtf [accessed 26 February 2004]. Tschopp, D. 2003. Its Time for Triple Bottom Line Accounting. The CPA Journal. 73(12): 11.

Sophistic Movement :: essays research papers

The vast majority of today's society isn't the slightest bit aware of the tremendous influence the sophistic period of thought has had and continues to have on modern western politics. But how could a supposedly highly educated and intelligent people be so ignorant of such an important and significant epoch in our history? It was during the fifth century B.C. when the sophistic movement, founded by a man named Protagoras, was at its prime. The sophist were recognized as highly skillful teachers by many and their works on issues such as the efficiency of language and the existence of gods were considered to be revolutionary at the time. Not every one was in aggreance with these new philosophies and not long after the movement began, the sophist and their works were being harshly persecuted. Many of them were exhiled and their works were all but completely annihilated. Now, very little is left of the sophists, except for what other prominent theorists have said about them. At the head of this condescending army was Plato, whose own theories opposed those of the sophists in numerable . Anyone who has read some of Plato's writing can tell you that what he had to say about Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and the other sophists was by no means benevolent, and according to G.B. Kerferd, nor was it a completely factual description of them. Unfortunately, since these innacurate depictions are all we have left, the generations that were to come accepted Plato's hostile opinion of the sophists and it is for this reason that the word sophist is now found to be synonomous with the words bigot and know-it-all. Modern scholars have recently been trying to dispell the myths about the sophists, which is exactly what G.B. Kerferd attempts to do in his book 'The Sophistic Movement';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Kerferd, at the foundation of sophistic though is the statement, made by its founder Protagoras, that 'Man is the measure of all things.'; Man considers things to be as they appear to him. To explain this phenomenon, Kerferd makes an example out of the wind. If one man says that the wind is cold, and the man standing beside him finds it to be warm, even if they were both being affected by the same wind, both statements would be considered correct. Since man (the individual) is the measure of all things, the wind is cold to the man to whom it appears cold and warm to the man to whom it appears warm.

Case Study Project on Adult Development

Daniel Christian Smith was born on 11/28/1977 in Bossier City, Louisiana. He is a white Caucasian, 27 years old and not married yet- still looking for his dream-girl. Daniel comes from a relatively large family because he has a sister Sarah, 25, and brother, David, 28. The family served as a spring-board to the future for Daniel.His parents have taught him how to work hard, how to succeed and relate to people, that is why he owes all of his present success to them. Daniel’s parents are both teachers and the atmosphere in the family has always been very favorable for learning. Daniel mentions that he has felt knowledge running through his blood since the very first days when he was born.Daniel is a great professional in the information systems field at present but he needed to study very hard to obtain all of the skills which he possesses now. He finished school with honors, then attended technical college and finally got a degree in management at Louisiana State University of Shreveport.As Daniel mentions himself, he was already a highly-qualified professional in information systems when he got out of college. All of his friends and relatives lined up to his doors when their computers were broken. However, Daniel wanted to attend LSUS in order to obtain its diploma in management- that magic slip of paper which could say he was worth something in the business world. Studies at LSUS were particularly difficult for Daniel because he needed to work at three jobs in order to pay for college.As he remembers now, there were many nights when he thought he needed to give up because he was too exhausted but instead, he gathered all of his efforts and kept studying more.Today he can look back at all of the hardships which he had to go through and say that it was worth it. He is CIO at a large company now and has to travel a lot about the country to monitor the IT departments in different cities. Â  Daniel is planning to keep studying in future to obtain an MBA bec ause his promotion greatly depends on the educational background.Daniel’s psychological and biological characteristics are quite unique in many ways. He is a choleric and his neurotransmitters are not balanced at all. The reactions in his system go very fast and he is overly sensitive and emotional.Due to the personality type, Daniel’s endocrine system functions normally and all of the processes in his body go very fast. Unlike melancholic types who have very slow processes in their body, Daniel has very fast processes and endocrine system functioning on the highest level.Daniel has left prefrontal asymmetry which has a deep impact on all of his activities and abilities. Left prefrontal asymmetry enables him to be very good at subjects dealing with logics and analysis. He has always been skilful in sciences and mathematics because he could catch the teacher’s idea immediately.At the same time, this type of brain asymmetry has a negative impact on Daniel’s skills in such fields as arts and humanitarian subjects. It is usually much easier for Daniel to write a new computer program than deal with the interface of some application because design has never been an apple of his eye.He cannot be creative but instead can critically analyze large amounts of information. The type of job which Daniel is doing welcomes left prefrontal asymmetry. The only problem which he can face due to this kind of asymmetry is his relatively low abilities to manage people.The development of Daniel’s personality is going to occur very intensively during the next year. Changes are going to occur in his body, mental capacities, life perception, emotional ties, attitudes towards politics and his job. He got appointed as the company’s IT manager only a very short time ago, therefore his development will be happening very rapidly.First of all, Daniel is going to develop his professional skills greatly. He is going to learn how learn many new things an d develop his communication skills to a large extent. In the past, he needed to combine work with education and could not apply his skills to the fullest. During the next year, Daniel will be able to concentrate only on his responsibilities in the company and achieve much better results.Some change in values and interests of Daniel is also going to occur. During the period of time when a person enters a new level in his career, the re-evaluation of many values occurs. Family will become less important because more and more time will be devoted to work.Friends will also stop being a high priority because career will take all of the time. Daniel will realize that the higher he gets on the career ladder, he more he will have to work in order to be prosperous and successful. Daniel will also realize that the priorities in his life have changed greatly.If in the previous year he considered the diploma at the university the most important goal of his life, in the next year he is going to change his goal. Most likely, his strategic objective is going to become obtaining the position of the CEO of the company. This goal is quite realistic for Daniel, due to his strengths.The rapid development of Daniel is going to be caused for the most part by his strengths which will get even more emphasized in the following year. One of the greatest strengths which Daniel has is willingness to succeed.This quality will develop very much during the next year. Daniel always achieves his goals, no matter how difficult the road to success is. There are other strengths which Daniel possesses, such as good communication skills, high determination, and great problem solving skills, broad mind. He has a great ability to work in a team, good analytical skills, and lots of energy.Above all that, he has willingness and capability to achieve all the goals, ability to acquire new skills fast. All of these qualities are going to develop even more during the next year. For example, Daniel’ s problem solving skills are going to become much more advanced due to his work.Daniel does not have many weaknesses in comparison with the strengths which he possesses. His major weakness is orientation on his emotions more than on his brain.However, during the next year this weakness will disappear for the most part because Daniel will have to make many important decisions and he will need to base his judgments not on emotions but on his brain. Daniel’s managing skills will develop very much, despite his left prefrontal asymmetry due to large experience which he will gain.Daniel’s development will go even more rapidly during the next five years. His new responsibilities will have a very deep impact on his perception of life. Owing to success-orientation, Daniel is very likely to achieve the CEO position within 5 years.Such a major change in his life is going to influence his ideas about marriage. Daniel will choose a wife who can provide the most convenience to him. 32 years is the same when one of the crises for Daniel can occur, and he will probably want to secure himself by getting married and having children.Parenting is going to change many values which Daniel had and start a new stage in his life. However, Daniel has always been a workaholic, and his work is going to remain the greatest priority in his life.The predictions about the development of Daniel may not be completely accurate because some changes in lives are initiated by the individual himself while others are beyond his control. Some of the events which can shape his life greatly might never happen.For example, it is impossible to predict how his career promotion will go. It depends not only on Daniel and his abilities but also on the situation in the company and some sort of luck. The development of personality is mostly determined by major events which happen in the life of the person. It is possible to predict the events which might happen, but it is impossible to predict th em with a 100% probability.

Digital World of Cellular essays

Digital World of Cellular essays Cell phones have been around for nearly 15 years and are now everywhere you look. Over a quarter of Americans and a half of Europeans own cell phones and the numbers have been increasing exponentially. With the continuing increase in technology cell phones have become smaller, cheaper, and thanks to the move from analog to digital the calls are much clearer. They offer a great amount of convenience, and can be very economically for the busy businessman on the go. Advancements in cell phones are always being made, giving a clearer sound and lighter feel, as well as a longer life. The cell phone industry has been one of the fastest growing in the world. The electronics are fairly simple, but they are so small that they are truly and engineering marvel. This paper will discuss in depth the many different components of the average cell phone, and talk about how it converts your voice into something that can be sent through a digital network. The paper will also look at how the inner workings allow for a phone to act as a microcomputer, with Internet access, address books, and even games. Finally, it will review the many exciting ideas for this growing market and look to the future of the industry, and how the industry plans on overcoming various limiting factors. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, 18 years later Guglielmo Marconi created the first radio. It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined to create the cellular craze. In the 80's few people used radiophones, these phones were the precursor to cellular, but they had several limiting factors preventing them from every becoming a major part of everyday society. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per major city, and no more than 25 channels available on that tower. Each phone needed a powerful transmitter, big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It also meant that not many peo...